Homework 6a Operations

Justin Prater Chapter 6A 3, 4, 9, and 14 3) a. b. Cycle time = production time per day/required output per day = [(8 hour/day)(3600 seconds/hour)]/240 units per day = 120 seconds per unit c. Work station| Task| Task time| Idle time| I| AD| 6050| 10| II| BC| 8020| 20| III| EF| 9030| 0| IV| GH| 3060| 30| d. Efficiency = Task time / [# stations X avg. cycle time) = = . 875 or 87. 5% 4) a. A B F C D E G 30 35 15 65 H 30 35 40 25 A B F C D E G 30 35 15 65 H 30 35 40 25 b. What is the workstation cycle time? Cycle time = production time per day/required output per day Cycle time = 27000 / 360 = 75 seconds. . Calculate this balance line using the largest number of following tasks. Use the longest task time as a secondary criterion. 275 / 75 = 3. 66 There should be a minimum of 4 work stations Work station| Task| Task time| Idle time| I| ACE| 303015| 0| II| BD| 3535| 5| III| F| 65| 10| IV| GH| 4025| 10| d. What is the efficiency of your balance line? 91. 7% 9. A B F C D E G 20 7 15 10 H 20 2 2 16 8 A B F C D E G 20 7 15 10 H 20 22 16 8 a. Cycle time = production time per day/required output per day Cycle time = 25200 / 750 = 33. 6 seconds. b. What is the theoretical number of workstations? workstations = sum of task times / cycle time 118 / 34 = 3. 5 There is a minimum number of 4 workstations. c. Draw the precedence diagram d. Balance the line using sequential restrictions and the longest-operating time rule. Work station| Task| Task time| Idle time| Feasible Rem. T. | Tasks w/ most foll| Task w/ longest t. | | I| AB| 207| 147| B| B| B| | II| DF| 2210| 122| F| F| F| | III| C| 20| 14| | | | | IV| EG| 1516| 193| G| G| G| | V| H| 8| 26| | | | | e. What is the efficiency of the line balanced as in d? Efficiency = Sum of task times / (# workstations X Cycle time) = 118 / (5 X 34) = . 70Efficiency = 70% f. Suppose that demand rose from 750 to 800 units per day. What would you do? Show any amounts or calculations. New cycle time = 25200/800 = 31. 2 seconds Reduce cycle time t o 31 seconds and work 62-3 minute overtimes. g. Suppose that demand rose from 750 to 1000 units per day. What would you do? Show any amounts or calculations. New cycle time = 25200/1000 = 25. 2 seconds 1. 89 hours overtime; may be better to rebalance. 14) Develop two alternative layouts. What is the efficiency of your layouts? A B F C D E G 1 1 3 1 H 2 1 1 2 1 I A B F C D E G 1 1 3 1 H 2 1 1 2 1 I Cycle time = 4 minutesWhat is the theoretical number of workstations? # workstations = sum of task times / cycle time 13 / 4 = 3. 25 Work station| Task| Task time| Idle time| Feasible Rem. T. | Tasks w/ most foll| Task w/ longest t. | | I| ABC| 11 2 | 32 0| B,F C,D| B C,D | B,F C| | IIIIIIV| DEFGHI| 131121| 303203| EGH| EGH| EGH| | Work station| Task| Task time| Idle time| Feasible Rem. T. | Tasks w/ most foll| Task w/ longest t. | | I| AFG| 11 1 | 32 1| B,F G| B G | B,F G| | IIIIIIV| BCDEHI| 311321| 313021| C,DEI| C,DEI| C,DEI| |

Ethical Egoism & Psychological Egoism Essay

Ethical egoism which simply known as egoism, is of normative & rigid nature which states that a person should do whatever he/she likes and whatever which is in their interest. It also states that a person performing any act other than influence of one own interest does not come under egoism. Robert Olson in his book – ‘The morality of self-interest’ (1965) stated a theory that one should do whatever that promotes or supports one’s self interest, if everyone starts doing it, then it will collectively promote their personal interest. There are three diverse forms of ethical egoism which are individual, personal and universal. Individual ethical egoism states that all people should do what is in their best interest. Personal ethical egoism states that one should do whatever is in one’s best interest but can’t compel anyone what they should do. Universal ethical egoism discuss that everyone should do what is in their best interest. Psychological egoism Psychological egoism is a descriptive type of theory. This theory states that all actions of individuals are aggravated by their personal interest even if it seems to be act of benignant. People only act to attain their own interests intentionally or unintentional, directly or indirectly. It also states that whatever people do or act they mostly intend to do that, while doing it they might act selfishly. An objection regarding psychological theory was stated by William Hazlitt and Thomas Macaulay (1991) that â€Å"If a person willingly performs an act, that means he derives personal enjoyment from it; therefore, people only perform acts that give them personal enjoyment. † This statement concludes that a person will only perform those acts which fulfill their self interest, satisfaction or pleasure. Fallacy in Psychological Egoism The major fallacy in Psychological egoism is hasty generalization Humans are often known to work or act for the welfare of others like donating in charity, doing volunteer work, such acts are not visibly benefitting the one who is doing it. Therefore, it rejects the thought that this theory is applicable under all circumstances, that humans only do what benefits them. In another case people might do such acts which will ultimately harm them like smoking, drug addiction or suicide, conscience are also a factor that influence one’s action. If one considers all acts that harm or act of conscience then no action remains that’s not a form of psychological egoism. Strong and Weak Versions of Ethical Egoism According to strong ethical egoism it is always right to intend one’s own self interest, and not at all right not to do so. Weak ethical egoism states that it is always right to intend one’s own self interest, but it is inevitably never right not to do such a thing. Therefore, basically if one does something that’s for its own greatest good like attaining success it can be applied on both types of egoism that’s strong and weak egoism. But if one acts in a way that is not necessarily in his/ or her greatest benefit for instance doing a volunteer work in a hospital or a disaster struck area, then there are certainly more lucrative ways by which one can effectively use his time although they might not be as morally positive. In such a case weak ethical egoism supports and shows flexibility in this regard. Contrast of Doctrine of Theories For ethical egoist the motivation is personal pleasure, your personal benefit can be monetary or otherwise, survival or existence, personal achievement, fame and all those consequences that one visualizes to be fulfilling his personal needs of all kind. If not properly understood ethical egoism promotes greediness & selfishness amongst people where your sole intention/ motivation is your own personal interest. For Psychological egoist the motivation can be anything other people’s benefit that is satisfying your sense of responsibility, your pleasure arising by fulfilling your moral obligation, your intrinsic happiness arising out of your hard work, your duty or your volunteer act of helping others. Although also in the psychological theory the end product is the personal benefit but ethically it seems productive than ethical egoism which is highly inclined toward misinterpretation.

Industry Structures

A rise In global markets will usually generate an increase in return off livestock, this can increase the local prices. Local bodies or lobby groups like National Farmers Federation, Sheep Cooperative Research Centre, Department of Agriculture for Fisheries and Forestry and Meat and Livestock Australia help to maintain a reasonably simple trading system. In this report it was shown that the future has potential and with the support of the producers and industries behind the live trade of lamb things will pick up and move on in favor of the market over time.Introduction The lamb Market is a volatile market with many highs and lows, this is a mature market with a constant and promising future to come. In the report It will cover; the main markets and end use applications for the product, monitoring the market and change of supply and demand patterns over the years. It will identify the future 1 OFF and overseas. The report will also cover how and what the industry agencies do to protec t the lamb market for Australia.Main Markets and End Uses There is a growing export demand for both lamb and mutton, with China being the largest export destination for Australia followed by India, Kuwait and Italy (IBIS, 2013) Australia's sheep flock is the second largest in the world although the flock has been wringing and Australia is the largest exporter of lamb according to IBIS world report. Producers sell prime lamb and mutton to meat processing markets or export markets. A rise in global markets will usually generate an increase in return off livestock due to more numbers being sold and cost increasing for them.In relation to sales of lamb and mutton, the average Australian consumes around 1 1 keg of lamb and mutton every year (IBIS, 2013) BARES estimates and annual increase of 3. 1% for lamb and 6. 1% increase for mutton over the four years through to 2016-17. (IBIS, 2013) Figure 1. Lamb utilization and retail price (ML, 2013) Supply and Demand Patterns Whilst there are la rge countries Australia's population is growing, therefore the demand for meat is on the rise and lamb being a popular meat and a substitute for others such as beef and chicken.In 2011-2012 Australia exported 49 percent of all lamb and 97. 5 percent of all mutton produced in Australia, the total value of these lamb exports was 1. 094 million. Around 19,240 Australian broad acre farms are classified as lamb around 19,240 Australian broad acre farms are classified as lamb producers the majority of these farmers are mixed enterprise, a substantial reapportion of their income coming from cropping, beef cattle, sheep and wool, as well as from the sale of lambs.Lamb producers generally sell their lambs to slaughter houses, feedlots or export. Around 9400 slaughter lamb producers earn more than 20 per cent of their total farm receipts from the sale of slaughter lambs and are classified as specialist slaughter lamb producers. With the numbers of lamb sitting steady we can see. Key Competito rs Competition for the Australian Lamb Market is continually increasing from overseas buyers and investors, despite remaining one of the largest and most valuable market for lamb.The reasons for this include a challenging domestic consumer market and strong growth in overseas markets, this is due to the decrease in the Australian dollar decreasing. (ML, 2012) New Zealand is one of Australia's closest competition in the trade market. The sheep flock in the United States has been declining in recent years, to the point that as at the beginning of 2012, it was the lowest in over a century, at 5. 35 million head. With ongoing widespread drought in the US there is currently little prospect of this pattern reversing, although the majority of the US flock is in the less- affected north-western states.Industry Structures and Policy Frameworks There are a couple of barriers to entry this includes capital investment and securing finance as new producers need to purchase land, fencing material s and livestock. The government and the livestock export industry are working cooperatively with trading partners to address post-arrival welfare concerns and to improve the Ongoing involvement in the livestock export trade provides an opportunity to influence animal welfare conditions in importing countries.The Department is Jointly funding a number of projects with the live export industry to improve infrastructure ND training to promote better animal handling and slaughter practices. Australia is the only country that requires specific animal welfare outcomes for livestock exports. Ongoing involvement in this trade provides an opportunity to influence animal welfare conditions in importing countries. This legislation was an important step by the Government to overhaul the livestock export trade.Arrangements to ensure exported animals are well treated during road and sea transportation are an important part of the standards. Ships must comply with strict rules about ventilation, d rainage and provision of water and food. Each animal must have access to food and water on demand and enough space to lie down, and there must be special pens for sick animals to receive veterinary care ‘Under the Australian Meat and Live-stock Industry Act 1997, a report on the carriage of livestock on any sea voyage to a port outside of Australia must be tabled in each House of Parliament every 6 months. (ML, 2013) Future Industry Challenges With the recent ban on live trade out of Australia this could be a potential future challenge for the livestock industry. The live trade of livestock is of great importance o both regional and rural Australia and is vital to the red meat industry. (Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, 2013) Since the mid sass's the livestock export trade has grown significantly to become a vital component of Australia's agricultural export earnings.Live exports are a legitimate trade providing farmers with a valuable alternative to domestic slaughter. Some people maintain that live trade of Australian livestock should be banned and a preference for frozen or chilled meat to be exported. Chicken being one of the most popular meats means that there is intention for the lamb market, beef also is a competitor for the local lamb markets and export markets as chicken is common in Asian countries.Industry Agencies and Bodies Meat and Livestock Australia – ML delivers marketing and research and development services for Australia's cattle, sheep and goat producers. ML creates opportunities for livestock supply chains from their combined investments to build demand and productivity. Department of Agriculture for Fisheries and Forestry – Supplying research and development in the agricultural sector, monitoring political and industrial sectors to keep the agricultural sector on top of the game.State Agricultural sectors – supplying information related to research and development that is relevant to the state b ody and the farmers related National Farmers Federation – ‘The NEFF is the peak body representing farmers, made up of state commodity councils and farm organizations, and is a powerful voice for agriculture politically (National Farmers Federation, 2013) Sheep Cooperative Research Centre (Sheep CRY) – The role of the CRY is to facilitate transformation of the sheep industry through making sheep easier to manage, developing the production and processing of meat and wool to meet increasing consumer

Simple rules Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Simple rules - Assignment Example nds metrics, eliminating differences, establishing formal alliance management systems and structures and managing external relationships with partners. The companies should also put more emphasis on;- developing the right working relationship, creating means metrics, embracing differences, enabling collaborative behavior and managing your own internal stake holders. Solving of differences in the company should be given the highest priority. Because spending a lot of time and retention on reaching agreement sends the message that differences are bad, tends to drive conflict underground. In the solving of the difference Hp exhibited the following strengths; - General expertise related to complex-solution selling to enterprise customers, tends to focus on long term objectives and opportunities, good at minimizing risk in complex situations through careful analysis, in difficult circumstances, it is likely to find the creative solution that others might miss and it is good at understanding and focusing on customer needs and building close durable relationships. On the other hand Microsoft’s strengths were; - technical and support knowledge about exchange, which is essential to successful enterprise solution sales, it has disciplined focus on short term objectives where the objectives could have taken much time to get accomplished, good at capitalizing on opportunities by making decisions quickly, it is unlikely to waste time and effort when the standard answer or solution provides the optimal balance of performance and value and lastly it was good at identifying and responding to competitive threats. From the above scenario we need to look critically at the advice that executives get in relation to their companies. It is the time that the executives realized that alliance management is facing a crisis. In the recent past, companies have been forming alliances and relying on them solely for their growth. What is discouraging is that more than half of them fail.

New Believers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

New Believers - Essay Example This paper will share these insights. As a new believer, the Bible and its teachings offers a lot of insight to many challenges. The Bible is the believers’ reference as it defines how we should live and what God promises us as believers. Indeed, the Biblical teachings address almost all problems that believers may experience. As such, when I face challenges in life, I find encouragement from the Bible since the Bible asserts that everything happens to the glory of God and that God cannot subject us to challenges that we cannot overcome. Indeed, my assurance relies on the promises of God (North American Mission Board, 1993). Most assuredly, the Bible reckons that as believers, we are overcomers. Indeed, God wants us to know that believers have eternal life based on the facts found in the Bible (North American Mission Board, 1993). Therefore, anytime I read the Bible, I draw a lot of encouragement well knowing that even Jesus Christ faced major challenges despite being the son of God. Nevertheless, just as Jesus o vercame, the Bible teaches me that as a believer, I will overcome. Advice from my spiritual leader also acts as an insight in my life. Indeed, it has always been encouraging to share spiritual challenges with spiritual person. My spiritual offers me encouraging advice based on Godly teachings. Indeed, his advice relies on Biblical interpretations. As a new believer, I have limited knowledge on Biblical interpretations and hence I seek the counsel of my spiritual leader. Moreover, he prays for me and preaches to me with a view of helping me understand human challenges in the spiritual life. Indeed, he acts as my confidante as I tell him anything that is disturbing me. In many occasions, my spiritual leader has helped me to address spiritual and human challenges. Ultimately, guidance from my mother acts as an insight in my life. Ideally, a parent acts as the earthily God who is very significant in child

EvolutionEcology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EvolutionEcology - Essay Example Paper starts with the hypothesis demonstrating mitochondrial DNA as primary tool for investigation of evolutionary diversion among closely related species and development of new approach in terms of PCR-RFLP based rapid and inexpensive techniques to established phylogenitic correlation among different species. They also investigated correlation between two different approaches and indicated that data obtained by two different techniques may not be identical and hence caution must be taken to interpret them. For validation of hypothesis the authors selected four avian sp. found in North America, those having high rate of hybridization namely, Dendroica occidentalis, D. townsendi, D. virens, and D.nigrescens. To investigate above mention hypothesis the first experiment was based on classical RFLP based technique. The total mitochondrial DNA were Isolated and digested with 14 restriction enzymes to obtained band pattern which was subsequently analyzed by David L. Swofford's paup* 4.0d64 program for calculation of Nei-Li distances. Similarly, for sequences based analysis, three genes located on two sites on mtDNA were selected and sequenced, namely 681bp cytochrome oxidase I, and 1074bp ATP synthase8 and 6 genes from 30 representative warbler individuals.

Prime Time TV Show - Greys Anatomy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prime Time TV Show - Greys Anatomy - Assignment Example The basic ideology present in Grey’s Anatomy is a pro-feminist approach. The female doctors outnumber the male doctors nearly in all seasons. The major feminist character of the show is Miranda Bailey played by Chandra Wilson. She is portrayed as a strong and a dedicated doctor who is in one episode doubts her ability as a doctor so in another decides to build a free clinic. (Nicole). Also, the show avoids all stereotype issues especially since it has placed many of the black and Asian doctors in a respectable position in the show (Pierce). Clothes have been used as a symbol to show everybody’s position and personality in the hospital. While all the hospitals have one coloured uniform for every employee, in Grey’s Anatomy the situation is quite different. The interns wear light blue while surgical attending wears dark blue, doctors in nursery wear purple and OB-GYN wear pink while all the nurses wear light green which doesn’t bring them out in the mainstream as they rarely play any major role. Apart from this in several places food has been used as a symbol to identify the relationship status. For instance, Meredith doesn’t eat at Thanksgiving because of her troubled relationship with Derek and Izzy bakes excessively each time she is upset. While Grey’s anatomy enjoys appraisal by many it is also criticized for being a non-reality show. When questioned by doctors they laugh at the show saying an intern having a relationship with an attending is almost impossible and the part where Izzie puts her patient into danger by cutting the wire connected to his heart to make him sicker so he ends up having a heart transplant is a bit farfetched. Especially when the patient dies and Izzie doesn’t even get terminated. Another reality which was highly miss-presented was when Meredith rises from the death and ten seconds later starts talking to Derek (Frey).   Some of the popular Grey’s Anatomy sponsors were DatingDirect.com and Alpen bar, Weetabix's cereal snack and Volkswagen Polo.     

Passive Smoking and Children Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Passive Smoking and Children - Dissertation Example Furthermore, the World Health Organization suggests almost half of the children in the world that is 700 million children have exposure to secondhand smoke due to 1.2 billion smoking adults (Blair et al, pp. 372-373, 2010). Alone, in United Kingdom, passive smoking is associated with the deaths of almost 10700 people every year. Furthermore, secondhand smoke has been associated with more than â€Å"2000 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) deaths every year. More than 17000 children from five years to ten years of age in England and Wales are admitted to hospitals every year due to the various illness caused by the smoking of their parents† (Strauss et al, pp. 267-268, 2010). Even more surprising are the statistics, which claim that almost half of the children between the ages of 4-11 years have exposure to secondhand smoke in their homes (Blair et al, pp. 372-373, 2010). This explains every year almost 40 children die because of passive smoking alone in United Kingdom (Gordon et al, pp. 103-105, 2004). One of the most important reasons behind study this topic is the fact that it is one of most important burning issues all around the world. As mentioned later in the paper as well that, until the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was this widespread belief that smoking only causes harm to the smoker (Yolton et al, pp. 461-465, 2008). In light of the freedom and liberty principles, if the smoker is sane enough to understand the consequences and yet wants to smoke, then the state or law enforcement agencies must not create any barriers in his or her way. However, towards the end of 1980s, experts and researchers had conclusive evidence to prove that smokers were not only causing indirect damage but also direct damage with secondhand smoke to their children, partners, friends, colleagues, and others living in the surroundings (Gordon et al, pp. 103-105, 2004; Strauss et al, pp. 267-268, 2010). Ever since then, the civil society, NGOs, watchdogs and others have been trying to achieve the goal of a smoke free world. This study is another attempt to explore the disastrous impacts of passive smoking, specifically on children belonging from the age group of 5-10 years. Furthermore, the study would also come up with some recommendations to protect these children and solve this problem. Research Aims and Objectives The stu dy revolves around the following research question. â€Å"What are effects of passive smoking on children of ages 5-10?† The research would attempt to achieve the following aims and objectives. To explore, investigate and critically analyze the social, economic, psychological, and physical impacts of passive smoking on children belonging from the age group of 5-10. To explore and analyze the long term and short term implications of these effects on children are their families To come up with a handful of recommendations to protect children from the destructive impacts of passive smoking Outline of the Thesis This heading would conclude the first chapter of

Economics in a Global Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics in a Global Environment - Essay Example By analyzing internal opportunity costs we can define in what these two guys should specialize in order to provide maximum output To identify who should specialize in a particular activity I have calculated the internal opportunity cost for Phil and Frances. For example, if Phil shifts more resources into higher output of phone calls, the opportunity cost of each extra phone call is of financial statement. For Frances the same decision has an opportunity cost of 1/10 of phone calls. Therefore France has a comparative advantage in financial reports. Were Frances to reallocate resources to financial statements, the opportunity cost of one extra financial statement is 10, meanwhile for Phil the opportunity cost is 4 of the phone calls. Thus Phil has a comparative advantage in phone calls (please refer to the Appendix 1) On the other hand the comparative advantage theory is not consistent with the current economic reality. The evidence shows that comparative advantage is human made rather than natural. Many economists argue that there is no such thing as free trade. Countries use industrial strategies and trade tactics in order to create human made comparative advantage, which will guarantee their success in the global economy1. Nowadays, comparative advantage is human made. Natural resources are international commodities and therefore each country can easily acquire them in the market without producing them locally.

Zara Retailing Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zara Retailing Analysis - Essay Example Key competitive advantage Among of Zara’s competitive advantages are its manpower and human resource management. It is noted that 80% of its employees were engaged in retail sales in stores and 8.5% were involved in manufacturing, design, logistics, distribution, and the remaining were part of headquarters’ activities. This only implies that Zara is good at optimizing its entire operation especially on its supply chain management. Zara is also aggressive in its expansion program considering that 80% of its capital expenditures is appropriated to new store openings, 19% on refurbishing and 10% on logistics. This is one of its competitive advantages because its renowned international competitors are not that aggressive in their expansion program. Zara is also known to consider great savings on employment. It tries to gain more in its manpower expenses by choosing personnel with substantial experience in the clothing industry but with a relatively cheap labor. This is one of the reasons why Zara is generating much competitive income in its operations compared to its competitors. The three international leading competitors of Zara are the Gap from the United States, Hennes & Mauritz from Sweden, and Benetton from Italy. Geographically speaking, it is an advantage for Zara because apparel disposal in 2000 is higher in Europe which is 34%, and followed by the United States which is 29% and in Asia which is 23% (Case 32: Zara: Fast fashion). Zara is based in Europe and this is an advantage on its part because of its proximity in the profitable market for apparel in the world. The proximity is an advantage because this has something to do with other strategic advantage when it comes to culture and understanding customer’s needs at the deepest level. In fact, it is in line with this that Zara has continuous innovation based on customer’s desires. Inditext’s financial comparison Shown in Table 1 are some of the indicators of the financi al performance of Inditex, Benetton, H&M, and Gap. Gap has the highest net operating revenue among the three other retailing companies which is an indication that it may either has more retail outlets than the other or it is really at its best in stimulating needs or demand for its product offerings. Next to Gap is H&M followed by Inditex and finally Benetton. The net revenue can be an indication of market share and in this case, Inditex is not far behind the Gap and H&M. The same trend goes on from gross profit margin until operating efficiency. The operating efficiency is the operating expenses as a percentage of net operating revenues. The above indicators are not enough to tell which among of the four companies have higher profitability. When it comes to profitability, Inditex is more profitable compared to Gap, H&M and Benetton. Inditex has 10.5% net profit margin which is an indication that it has substantially generated more profits. This is the effect of maximizing its opera tion and resources. In fact, its PPE (property, plant and equipment) as percentage of net operating revenue is also higher than the other retailing companies. This is another indication that Inditex has substantially maximized its operation and resources to the fullest compared to the other retailing companies. Table 1. Financial performance of Inditex and its three international competitors Operating results (â‚ ¬ Millions) Gap H&M Benetton Inditex Net operating revenue 15,559 4,269 2,098 3,250 Gross margin 4,656 2,204 909 1,687 Operating efficiency 27.4% 37.8% 29.7% 30.2% Net profit margin -0.05% 9.6% 7.1% 10.5% PPE (% of net operating revenue 30.2% 15.9% 34.3% 37.8% Zara’s fast response model Zara’s fast response model contributes to its competitive advantage. The market for young

Wireless Deployment Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wireless Deployment Plan - Assignment Example As for the student population, there will be a very necessary access to the internet which aids in easing congestion in the learning areas, above increasing efficiency to the populace. It is very essential that the authorities having the responsibility of deploying the wireless network are aware of the solutions they are seeking from the new network that is not readily available in the traditional wired network architecture (Trulove, 2002). In most cases, mobility is the most appealing wireless feature. The through-the-air connection from a wireless AP to any enable device calls for other issues to. Key amongst them is the essence of mobility to the institution, in this case the campus. Other issues that emanate are the mode of connection to be spelt out on the ground, essence of remote connection, voice calls and such. Planning of the network set up determines the best suited WLAN architectural adoption with regards to the surrounding environment (Syngress, 2002). Benefits gained from well-suited different environments from stand alone and centrally coordinated architectures available. Depending on deployment area, age of wired infrastructure, building architecture and types of applications to be supported both stand alone and centrally coordinated architectures have advantages and disadvantages. It is essential to have effective and efficient way to manage network regardless of the chosen approach. Site survey is critical before expansion and deployment of the network it enables identification of appropriate technologies to deploy, elimination and avoidance of obstacles, user needs, capacity required to carry out the exercise, expertise needed, area coverage and resources required to successfully ensure project implementation up to its decommissioning. The purpose of this research is to provide recommendations for installation of this network. It aims at achieving

Brazil Will Eventually Become Economic Powerhouse Essay Example for Free

Brazil Will Eventually Become Economic Powerhouse Essay Currently, Brazil with its population hitting 186. 6 million has the ninth largest economy in the world (Jaeger, p. 2). Since the beginning of the 21st century the country has been enjoying a well-established economic stability, low inflation, high productivity rates and developing macro-economic infrastructure. Currently, Brazilian economic indexes are gradually improving in their dynamics, though some of them still remain on the average level for Latin American region. In particular, GDP growth in 2006 was hardly over 3% (Estevao). Since the middle of the last century Brazil was expected to develop shortly into â€Å"the world’s next economic power. † However due to two-decade long economic stagnation and financial crises in the mid-1980s Brazil has lost its positions and fell short of expectations regarding its economic development, especially in comparison with rapidly progressing economies of the countries in Asian region, such as China, Taiwan or South Korea, etc. (Adrogue, Cerisola Gelos, p. 3). Nevertheless, in the 1990s a series of well-planned governmental policies were implemented and Brazilian economy went through a number of structural economic changes, which allowed achieving certain stability, especially on macro-economic level. Therefore, country’s inflation was taken under control, external debt was considerably decreased, and numerous measures directed on reformation of financial infrastructure, liberalization of trade, achieving price stability and stimulating general economic growth were undertaken (Jaeger, p. 5-6). This way the country managed to improve its international image and gain a reputation of â€Å"trustworthy† nation again. As a result, since recent times Brazil has been receiving a lot of private investments. Foreign investors are attracted by high return of their funds and relatively low risks. Such significant factors, as good demographic situation in the country, high interest rates, stable political situation and prudent governmental policies regarding overseas trade, created absolutely favorable environment for foreign businessmen, who intend to invest their funds and start their businesses in Brazil. Good investment climate and economic stability are not the only factors determining future rise of Brazilian economy. In addition to that, Brazil is very rich with various natural resources. Those are, first of all, huge territories of arable lands available for cultivation of a great variety of crops. Moreover, there are large mineral and plant resources including iron, copper and even gold, which have not been even properly explored yet. That is why there are great opportunities for different industrial and agricultural companies in Brazil. Undoubtedly, there are some problems which require immediate attention and solution in order to fasten economic development and achieve high levels of social wellbeing. Those include corrupted educational system and problems with human capital, insufficient financial and fiscal systems, poverty and income disparities, etc. Certainly, such reforms are hard to implement within some short period of time, therefore, positive transformations are expected to become effective gradually. Nevertheless, modern Brazil can be called the â€Å"country of the future† with its huge national market, cheap working power, abundance of natural resources, and many other factors determining a large long-term economic potential of the country (Jaeger, p. 2). Great economic stability and openness, steady increase in manufacturing and consumption, establishment of new international trade connections and other fundamentals will definitely contribute greatly to future prosperity and economic power of the country. Works Cited: Estevao, Marcello. Brazil Seeks to Unlock Economic Potential. International Monetary Fund. 26 Feb. 2007. 25 Nov. 2007 http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2007/CAR083A. htm. Jaeger, Marcus. Brazil: Economic scenarios for the next 15 years. Ed. Maria L. Lanzeni. Deutsche Bank Research. Frankfurt Am Main: Deutsche Bank AG, 2006 Adrogue, Richardo, Martin Cerisola and Gaston Gelos. Brazil’s Long-Term Growth Performance -Trying to Explain the Puzzle. International Monetary Fund, unpublished manuscript, December 2006.

Diagram For Five Bus Power System Computer Science Essay

Diagram For Five Bus Power System Computer Science Essay The main objective of this project is to analyse the different parameters of five bus bar power system. Analysis of these bus bars parameters must be supported by both theoretically and simulated results obtained by using Power World Simulator (PWS). Power World Simulator (PWS) used for engineering analysis, power system visualisation, simulation and analysis tool [1]. In this project five bus bars attached to each other according to their specific input data. According to power system terminology, bus is the node at which two or more different devices joined known as buses. In electrical power distribution, bus bar thick strip that conduct electricity to other electrical apparatus [2]. In this project, input data for five bus power system provided and the required power system designed on the Power World Simulator as per requirement. When five bus power systems designed on PWS instructions completely followed in order to make required design. After that one-line diagram is obtained shown in figure 1. Then design critically analysed by performing simulation in order to check voltages and flows on other network components. Figure 1: One-line diagram for five bus power system 2. Problem Analysis When designing five bus bar power system different problem were faced because designing is quite complex and skilled operation. 2.1 Data analysis Before start designing in order to draw one-line diagram input data for buses were properly analysed and also transmission line data and transformer data. As four variables associated with each bus: voltage magnitude Vk, phase angle ÃŽ ´k , real power Pk, and reactive power Qk. By these variables analyse which were input data and which were unknown from the provided input data. 2.2 Designing analysis In designing, general designing principles were followed in order to design five bus power system. The five-bus power system modelled in Power World Simulator (PWS), this software used for power system analysis. Although some guide provided to start modelling the five-bus power system in PWS. Modelling was quite complex and take several times because of different adjustment and given parameters was properly entered for buses, transmission lines, and transformers in order to simulate model properly. After completing the required model on PWS, power flow can be visualized and also other parameters that were unknown when simulation performed. 2.3 Software analysis According to the main objective of the project mainly focused on the modelling as per requirement and five-bus power system modelled on the Power World simulator for the purpose of simulation. This software requires some technical skills. Thats why general principles must follow in order to simulate the desired model otherwise problem might occur. 3. Problem Solutions 3.1 Data solution The one-line diagram can obtain by inserting the bus data, transmission line data and transformer as per requirement for the five-bus power system. The bus input data enable to distinguish between different kinds of buses. These buses are as follows: Slack bus ( V and ÃŽ ´ input data) Load bus (P and Q input data) Voltage controlled bus (P and V input data) Similarly transmission line input data provide series resistance, reactance, and shunt charging, transformer input data provide series resistance and reactance. With the help of these input data one-line diagram can be achieved by using the software. 3.2 Designing solution The required model designed on Power World Simulator which permits the system to perfectly model as single phase system. The connection between devices drawn by a single line in order to join them, therefore one-line diagram achieved. The desired model has five buses and by available input data for all devices model can be achieved by inserting all devices parameters properly. Make sure that all the devices connected to each other, otherwise its impossible to achieve the required results. In PWS, generator have circle shape with a rotor at the centre, large arrows represent the load and transmission line represented by simple line. By following the general principles required one-line diagram can be achieved. 3.3 Software solution Five-bus power system modelled on PWS as per requirement and then simulation performed to determine the unknown variables. By this software different techniques like Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson techniques can be performed. By PWS, Y bus (Bus Admittance Matrix) can be easily obtained and compare with theoretical values of admittance matrix. PWS has some different and interesting specification if compare with MATLAB and Proteus. Simulation can easily perform by PWS but make sure that all the given parameters properly inserted. 4. Implementation The main objective of this project to analyse the five-bus power system that means to critically analyse the parameters for buses, transformers, and transmission lines. These parameters can be determined theoretically by performing different theoretical techniques but the result obtained have some human error and time consuming, thats why in order to remove these error Power World Simulator used. By following the modelling analysis and solution, implementation of five-bus power system can be achieved by using the software Power World Simulator (PWS). PWS used in order to compare both simulated and theoretical results. Power World Simulator has two modes, Edit mode and Run mode. Edit mode used to add buses, load and many other components as shown in figure 4.1 Figure 4.1 As this project based on Power World Simulator as per requirement and by following the bus input data totally five buses inserted in order to full fill the requirement. In the Edit mode, five buses inserted to desired location. All buses parameters set as provided and adjusted in Bus Field Options dialog and there are three load buses, one slack bus, and one voltage control bus. Between bus1 and bus5 transformer line connected and similarly between bus4 and bus3. This can be done graphically by selecting insert, transformer. Buses 2, 4 and 5 connected by line, all these line have different parameters, line series resistances, series reactance and MVA limit inserted in the line information dialog. The required model has two generators one on slack bus1 and other on voltage control bus3, and also two loads, one load inserted on bus2 and other load inserted on voltage control bus3. Parameters for buses, transmission lines and transformers properly set as given. By following all these pr inciple required one-line diagram obtained as shown in figure 4.2 Figure 4.2 Power World Simulator also has other mode, Run Mode which is used for the simulation. When simulation performed all the unknown values appeared on the screen. The arrows show the direction of power flow as shown in figure 4.3. On this final model different technique and changes performed as per requirement. Figure 4.3 5. Results and Discussions After completing the one-line diagram on Power World Simulator simulation performed. Through simulation all the unknown values determined and these parameters shown in table 5.1 Table 5.1 After that Y-matrix can be easily displayed in PWS by selecting case information, solution details, Y-bus. The Y-bus derived by other system parameters which cannot be change directly. These simulated values compare with the theoretical values. Y-bus matrix shown in table 5.2 Table 5.2 Theoretical values for Y-bus admittance matrix elements are given below: Off diagonal elements: Y42 = Y24 = 089276 + j 9.91964 Y52 = Y25 = 1.42284 + j 15.8714 Y51 = Y15 = 3.72 j 49.72 Y54 = Y45 = 2.8568 j 31.7428 Y43 = Y34 = 7.458 j 99.44 Diagonal elements: Y11 = 3.72 j 49.7 Y22 = 2.3211 j 25.791 Y33 = 7.458 j 99.44 Y44 = 11.21 j 121.25 Y55 = 8.0053 j 97.324 The theoretical values compare with the simulated values as obtained in table 5.2 almost same result obtained. After computing the Y-matrix, Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson techniques apply in Power World Simulator in order to solve the power flow problem and compare the solution obtained by PWS. PWS gives the calculation by default Gauss-Seidel technique, so the bus record table 5.1 shown above is the solution for Gauss-Seidel. The solution computed by Newton-Raphson technique shown in table 5.3. Table 5.3 After computing the solutions from both the techniques and compared with each other. It observed from both the results that there was not much difference in both results except in generated reactive power (MVAr). Newton-Raphson gives more accurate results because it performs more iteration as compare to Gauss-Seidel. In the case when demand increases at bus 2 set as almost double, as a result load on the transformer between bus 3 and bus 4 increases and also reactive power in generator at bus 3 increases which indicates that losses in the generator also increases. It is observed that the acceptable generated range at bus 2 is 844MW, demand increases but power at bus to not upto required demand. Figure 5.1 In PWS the shunt capacitor connected on bus 2 in parallel with load and this method of connecting capacitor in parallel with load is known as power factor correction and decreases the apparent power of source, so source current also decreases. As the line connected between the load and generator line losses decrease and less line voltage drop across the line. The capacitor of 210 Mvar rating inserted at bus 2 and decreases the losses from 46.50 MW to 29.1MW as shown in area field option dialogue below: The connected capacitor shown in figure 5.2 which supplying the reactive power of 188.1Mvar. Capacitive reactance rating depends on assumed voltage 1.0 pu and this loss due to capacitor reactance varies directly with the square of the voltage. The voltage at bus 2 increases to 0.95 pu as per requirement also shown in figure 5.2 Figure 5.2 After that another possible changing in five-bus power system performed to find the low voltage problem, for that another transmission line inserted in parallel between bus 4 and 2 having the same parameters with the already exciting model and then simulation performed. After that all the parameters analyse and at bus 3 MVar of the generator decreases and hence losses. Load on line between bus 3 and 4 also decreases. At bus 2 the voltage increases to 0.96 pu and losses at bus 2 decreases shown area field dialogue given below. By inserting transmission line power factor also improve and simulated one-line diagram shown in the figure 5.3. The choice for inserting the line is less preferable as compare to capacitor in real implementation because of the cost factor but both these can be used for power factor improvement. Figure 5.3 In PWS, the real and reactive mismatches equation by simply selecting the option mismatches option, the table given below shows real and reactive power mismatches. The convergence tolerance is  ±1% of their rated value. The transmission line between bus 2 and 4 is removed for maintenance. After that five bus power system again simulated and its operating condition is not acceptable because transmission line between bus 5 and bus 4 is overloaded. Then in order to run the system under normal condition the load at bus 2 and bus 3 are equally shared in such a way that the overloading on the transmission line between bus 5 and bus 4 is reduced. 6. Conclusion After completing this project, we get enough information about how to draw bus power system by using Power World Simulator (PWS). This simulation software easy to use and give brief description of each step, voltage, load angle etc. Most importantly this software is less time consuming and free from any human error. This project gives very good understanding and knowledge about bus power system and clear idea about the different parameters that mainly analysed during simulation. Now a days mostly all industries using such kind of softwares in order to check any fault and transmission losses. Mainly electric consumption have increased and also the number of interconnections, so future planning become more complex. The software like PWS efficiently calculates power-flow solution of any numbers of bus power systems. This project gives an idea to analyse different kind of transmission design.

Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Hormone Levels in Males

Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Hormone Levels in Males Introduction Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of phthalate ester and endocrine- disrupting chemical. It is used as plasticizer in Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics tubing to make PVC plastic tubing more soft and flexible. Animal data show that target organs of exposure to DEHP are the liver, kidneys, lungs, and reproductive system. DEHP may cause adverse effects of animal’s reproductive system such as reduced fertility, decreased spermatogenesis in males (Rais-Bahrami, 2004). Phthalate monoesters including mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is the DEHP metabolites. The primary targets of Phthalate monoesters toxicity are Leydig cells (LCs) and sertoli cells (SCs). The function of LCs and SCs is spermatogenesis and testosterone production. The toxicant will damage the LCs to decrease the secretion of testosterone, which will affect spermatogenesis and decrease the sperm count. Food is one of the sources of exposure to DEHP for public (U.S. EPA, 2013). DEHP has been detected in many foods such as meat, cheese, milk, eggs, cereal products and fish. There is more and more evidence showing that DEHP induce many adverse effects on the reproductive system such as reproductive hormones included luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and free testosterone (Giuliana G. 2009). As DEHP can cause birth defects or reproductive harm, the government of California listed DEHP as reproductive toxin in 2003 (Chemical Market Reporter, 2003). In addition to the food intake exposure to DEHP, occupational and environmental are the another sources of exposure to DEHP (Guowei Pan et.al., 2006). It is essential to concern whether high levels of DEHP exposure would affect reproductive hormone levels in male. According to the studies of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, they have found that DEHP can cause birth defects in laboratory rodents (Chemical Market Reporter, 2003). However, only limited studies focus on the relationship between human reproductive hormone and DEHP exposure (J. Mendiola et.al., 2011). Hence, there are limited evidences to conclude a correlation between human reproductive hormone and exposure to DEHP. It is important to find out what chemicals will influence human reproductive hormone because it decides the total number of our offspring. Therefore, based on the related human studies, the effects of DEHP exposure on reproductive hormone levels in male would be discussed. Method The aim of the literature search was to find the associations between Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and reproductive hormone levels in male. A board research was first conducted by Medline (EBSCO HOST), Web of Science and ProQuest. The search term â€Å"Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate/ DEHP† AND â€Å"reproductive hormones† was used and excluded the term â€Å"animal.† The criteria used to select the studies were as follows: The Studies were primary sources and published within 10 years, 2004-2014. The Studies must be human study for adult and NOT animal study. The Studies should address the associations between DEHP and reproductive hormone levels in male. The studies were in good quality, such as in high impact factors of 2013. 3 main studies met the above criteria for the topic examination. The impact factor on the 3 studies are 3.206 (G. Pan et.al, 2011), 3.206 (J. Mendiola et.al, 2010) and 7.029 (Guowei Pan et.al, 2006). Totally 3 main studies at the end of literature has been searched. The three chosen studies were Cross-sectional study since there are limited long-term studies such as cohort studies and randomized controlled trial (RCT) fulfilled the above criteria. Result G. Pan et.al. (2011) carried a cross-sectional study to find the dose-response relationship between dose-response relationships between cumulative phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in human. 74 male workers occupationally exposed to high levels of DEHP and 63 male construction workers as comparison group matched for age and smoking status. The urine and blood were collected from each patient on the same day. The authors of study observed a significantly negative correlated between hazard indices (HI) and serum concentrations of free testosterone (fT) in exposed workers (r = -0.195, p = 0.096), but not in unexposed workers. J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) carried a cross-sectional study to find the association between exposures to Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormone levels in men. 425 men were partners of pregnant women who were selected to participant in the study for Future Families (SFF). All men completed a questionnaire and received a physical examination. The questionnaire included the question about demographics, recent fever, history of sexually transmitted disease, diet and as well as lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption. The urine sample was collected within 15 min after the blood was collected. The result was found that Free Androgen Index (FAI) was significantly associated with the concentration of DEHP metabolites in urine. However, total testosterone levels were no associated with urinary concentration of DEHP metabolites. Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) carried a cross-sectional study to find the effect of occupational exposure to high levels of phthalate esters on the balance of gonadotropin and gonadal hormones, which including LH, FSH, free testosterone (fT), and estradiol. 74 male workers at a factory producing unfoamed PVC flooring exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as exposure group and compared them with samples from 63 male workers from a construction company as comparison group matched for age and smoking status. Urine and blood samples were collected from each workers between 800 and 1100 hours on the same day, but not on the first day of the worker’s work week or the day after a night work shift. The authors of study observed there is significant reducing of serum fT in workers with higher levels of urinary MEHP (DEHP metabolites) compared with unexposed workers. fT was negative association to MEHP (r = -0.19, p = 0.095) in the exposed group. Discussion Study Design The three studies are a cross-sectional study. The limitations of cross-sectional studies are it cannot establish a temporal relationship and reflect the causal relationship between high levels of DEHP and the reproductive hormone levels in male. It only can provide a possible risk factor for reproductive hormones for further study. The three studies both have different advantages and disadvantages. The sample size of the study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011) is relative small. They are all less than 100 people in exposed group and comparison group. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) has relative large sample size (N=425) but it does not contain a comparison group. The study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011) only investigated the confounding effect of the influence of occupational exposure to DEHP. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) also only investigated the confounding effect of the influence of environmental exposure to DEHP. They did not considered the confounding effect of the influence of food intake exposure to DEHP. Study population Randomization is a basic and essential technique to avoid selection bias in Epidemiology Study and It can show better association between exposure and outcome is true or not. However, the participants of three studies are not strictly random. It may cause false association between high exposure of DEHP and male reproductive hormone. In the study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011), the authors wanted to compare the reproductive hormone levels between exposed group and comparison group. Therefore, they selected exposed group in a factory producing unfoamed PVC flooring and using DEHP as plasticizers and comparison group in a construction company. The authors can ensure the exposed group was exposed to DEHP by dermal contact and/ or through dust inhalation in their work. A comparison group who without occupational exposure to DEHP and matched for age and smoking status to exposed group. The comparison group can help authors to exclude other factors that may influence reproductive hormone levels in male in addition to DEHP exposure. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) did not contain a comparison group. All the participants were conducted in the study for Future Families and at prenatal clinics affiliated with university hospital in five United States cities. Exposure assessment The concentration of MEHP and reproductive hormone were determined by using different methods. Both methods have advantages and limitations. Table 1: The methods used to determine the concentration of MEHP Three studies used similar method to determine the urinary concentrations of DEHP metabolites. Thus, the urinary DEHP metabolite concentration of three studies will not have significant difference. Table 2: The methods used to measure the levels of reproductive hormone The advantages of using radioimmunoassay are high sensitivity and highly specific. However, using radioimmunoassay method is very dangerous because it uses radiolabelled reagents. Thus, the labs require specially trained person and special license to handle radioactive material. The following methods have less dangerous than radioimmunoassay. Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is it has been applied broadly to the clinical diagnosis and environmental analysis. It can show the result quickly because it does not require long incubation time (Ayio, K. 2010). Also, CLIA has high specificity and relatively simple and inexpensive instrumentation (J.L.S. ARAÚJO-FILHO et.al 2011). An electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) procedure was based on solid-phase sandwich immunoassay method. Thus, ECLIA has the superior sensitivity to determine plasma and urine sample (Xiao-yan, C. 2013).The advantages of TR-IFMA are higher sensitivity due to lower background values, higher specificity as only intact molecules of FSH and LH can be measured. (Van Casteren JI et.al 2000) Result analysis The result of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) in addition to showing the relationship between reproductive hormone in male and the concentration of DEHP metabolite (N=425), it also found some factors such as age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and smoking etc may influence the reproductive hormone in male. Therefore, J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) had done multivariate analysis for reproductive hormone in male and the concentration of DEHP metabolite (N=363) to control for factors such as age, BMI and smoking states etc. It can increase the accuracy of the studies. Although the study did not contain a comparison group, J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) tried consistent the factors found in the questionnaire of participants to minimize the influence of confounding factors to the data analysis. G. Pan et.al. (2011) was using hazard indices (HI) to show the result. The hazard index is the sum of hazard quotients. The ratio of hazard index is compared to 1.0. If the ratio is less than 1, then the systemic effects are assumed not to be of concern; if the hazard quotient is greater than 1, then the systemic effects are assumed to be of concern (U.S. EPA, 2012). It is more easily to show the result and indicate whether DEHP exposure as the concerned factors for reproductive hormone to public and epidemiology. In addition to showing the relationships between serums free Testosterone in workers and the exposure to high levels of DEHP, Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) also compared the demographic characteristics including age, marriage status, smoking and alcohol consumption and plastic material contact of exposed group (N=74), comparison group (N=63) and all the workers (N=137). Also, all the results of this study were compared to exposed group and comparison group. The result can be shown the different of reproductive hormone levels between exposed group and comparison group easily. Limitation of studies The data and result of the three studies were limited by using a single urine and blood/serum samples to determine the levels of DEHP and hormone. It may cause a bias in spot sampling because the result is not reflecting average hormone levels. The endogenous serum LH and FSH concentration had significant change by assessing in different time. The urine samples only reflect the recent exposure to DEHP because phthalates have short half-lives. Also, the concentration of DEHP in three studies was based on the concentration of urinary metabolites of DEHP (MEHP). Therefore, the concentration of DEHP may be not the real concentration of participants. Conclusion The result of three study indicate that there are adverse effects of high levels of DEHP exposure on reproductive hormone levels in male. However, there is no clear evidence to prove a causal relationship between high levels of DEHP and the reproductive hormone levels in male because cross-sectional studies cannot reflect the causal relationship between them. High level of DEHP can as an investigative target included in long term studies such as cohort study and randomized controlled trial of reproductive hormone levels in male. The further research is required to prove that high levels of DEHP exposure will decrease the reproductive hormone levels in human.

Essay --

Introduction Romance, cuisine, the attractions, the history†¦these are all aspects of France that are appealing to the common tourist. It is even more exciting to get paid to travel to a foreign country as part of a job. But amidst a cloud of clichà ©s many Americans do not really know how to make business with the French, the differences of body language, etiquette, expressions, and even the values of the French people. That is why it is essential to know about all aspects of the country before traveling to do business. Since comportment is key to likability the purpose of this report is to inform the reader of the customs, traditions, and manners in order to avoid awkward instances of cultural ignorance. It includes tips on dining etiquette, greetings, body language, French culture including food cuisine, art, fashion, major attractions, currency, time difference and other smaller aspects such as correspondence, business relationships, and even idioms. The ultimate intention is not only a s to inform travelers, but perhaps even shed light on some of the less unknown parts of the French experience and make the trip to the illustrious country all the more enjoyable. Bon voyage! Language and Greetings In order to be able to negotiate and persuade effectively, a person needs to have some knowledge of the French language. Below is a list of essential and commonly used greetings in France. French English Salut Hi Bienvenue Welcome Bonjour Good day Bonsoir Good night Bonne Journà ©e Good day or Goodbye Bonne Soirà ©e Good evening or Goodbye Bonne Nuit Good night Au revoir Goodbye. Salut Goodbye à  tout de suite See you in a minute à  plus tard See you later à  la prochaine Until next time. à  demain. See you tomorrow à  la semaine pr... ...ich may give off the impression as unfriendly - just another common misconception of the French. In fact, they offer much closer hugs and a few kisses too. Of course they may not want to talk about personal affairs at the dinner table such as salaries, religion, and politics, but they do it just to avoid trouble. In this way they are not stiff upper-lipped people, but calm and relaxed and wanting to enjoy life to the fullest (even if it requires a few love affairs here and there). Some of France’s laws may be a little questionable, and their business cards may not be able to fit into your average wallet, however, doing business here is not only exciting, but possibly life changing. Seeing aspects of regular life from a different perspective which may not only affect the way a person does business, but also looks at their own life - family, government, and culture. Essay -- Introduction Romance, cuisine, the attractions, the history†¦these are all aspects of France that are appealing to the common tourist. It is even more exciting to get paid to travel to a foreign country as part of a job. But amidst a cloud of clichà ©s many Americans do not really know how to make business with the French, the differences of body language, etiquette, expressions, and even the values of the French people. That is why it is essential to know about all aspects of the country before traveling to do business. Since comportment is key to likability the purpose of this report is to inform the reader of the customs, traditions, and manners in order to avoid awkward instances of cultural ignorance. It includes tips on dining etiquette, greetings, body language, French culture including food cuisine, art, fashion, major attractions, currency, time difference and other smaller aspects such as correspondence, business relationships, and even idioms. The ultimate intention is not only a s to inform travelers, but perhaps even shed light on some of the less unknown parts of the French experience and make the trip to the illustrious country all the more enjoyable. Bon voyage! Language and Greetings In order to be able to negotiate and persuade effectively, a person needs to have some knowledge of the French language. Below is a list of essential and commonly used greetings in France. French English Salut Hi Bienvenue Welcome Bonjour Good day Bonsoir Good night Bonne Journà ©e Good day or Goodbye Bonne Soirà ©e Good evening or Goodbye Bonne Nuit Good night Au revoir Goodbye. Salut Goodbye à  tout de suite See you in a minute à  plus tard See you later à  la prochaine Until next time. à  demain. See you tomorrow à  la semaine pr... ...ich may give off the impression as unfriendly - just another common misconception of the French. In fact, they offer much closer hugs and a few kisses too. Of course they may not want to talk about personal affairs at the dinner table such as salaries, religion, and politics, but they do it just to avoid trouble. In this way they are not stiff upper-lipped people, but calm and relaxed and wanting to enjoy life to the fullest (even if it requires a few love affairs here and there). Some of France’s laws may be a little questionable, and their business cards may not be able to fit into your average wallet, however, doing business here is not only exciting, but possibly life changing. Seeing aspects of regular life from a different perspective which may not only affect the way a person does business, but also looks at their own life - family, government, and culture.

The Lack of Man in Lac Léman Essay -- Literary Analysis

The narrator of Hubert Aquin’s novel Next Episode cannot breathe; he’s drowning. The author presents water as a deadly force that has the ability to stifle life. Aquin employs the characteristics of water to represent the narrator’s inability to express his national identity and therefore himself. Multiple symbols are used throughout the book, such as fire and ice, but water is an overpowering and important aspect of the book because it conveys a sense of inertia in the individual. This notion of water is connected to the repression of Quebec nationality. The book discusses water in a variety of different contexts: as the primary foundation for the story (as interpreted by the translator), as a metaphor for self and as a replacement for language. Water, weaved into a nationalistic allegory, is given conflicting attributes and is both a life giver and life taker simultaneously. This double approach to the basic element of water embodies both his drive to express h im nationality and his incapacity to authentically vocalize his own existence. The tale begins below the waters of Lac Là ©man, as the narrator states â€Å"it’s in the area of this invisible lake that I’ll set my story† (4). The lake is central to the story, as it is this water (or water which flows from it) that he speaks of in terms of the self and language. The place names of this body of water are also significant for French-Canadian nationality. The translator Sheila Fischman has as much literary power as the narrator. This is because without having read the French edition of the text, the English edition modifies meaning concerning the image of water. Fischman does this by consistently using the French name for the lake â€Å"Lac Là ©man† instead of using its English name â€Å"Lake ... ...erves to corroborate the asphyxiation of a definitive French-Canadian national narrative. Water at once embodies the narrator’s want to express his nationality and personal identity, but also his inability to do so. Ultimately, Water becomes a type of liquid courage for the narrator that never produces substantial results, so he looks towards a future revolution to conceive a genuine national identity. Works Cited Aquin, Hubert. Next Episode. Trans. Sheila Fischman. Toronto: McClelland & Steward Ltd. 2010. 1,4, 12, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24-25, 46, 49, 52, 53, 67, 74, 84, 122, 128. Stewart, Susan Louise. â€Å"Beyond Borders: Reader ‘Other’ Places in Children’s Literature.† Children’s Literature in Education 39.2 (2008): 95-105. 98. Springer E-Books. Proxy. Queen’s University Lib., Kingston. 1 Nov. 2010

The Effect Conflict Has on People

Good morning teachers and peers, today I'm going to discuss conflict, the affects it has on people with examples from two texts. | What is conflict? Conflict is another word for fighting, battling, or struggle. Conflict can be expressed in many ways, such as; war, hate, aggression, bullying, and competiveness. Conflict has negative effects on people. Conflict can result in death, mental illness, suicide, and destruction. Conflict is cause by many reasons including differences in values, desires, needs, habits, and wealth. The first text I'm going to discuss today is a poem called Dulce Et Decorum Est by a famous poet named Wilfred Owen. The poem is based on first hand experiences in France, in world war one. The poem describes owen’s firsthand experience in the front line. | The poem is about how going to war for your country is not a noble thing to do, that Dulce et Decorum Est is a lie mentioned in line 27 in stanza 3 meaning it is not a sweet and right thing to do. Owen at first thinks that going to war for your country is Dulce Et Decorum Est, Latin for sweet and right, but after he experiences conflict his opinion changes on conflict. The next text I'm going to discuss today is a film called â€Å"Tomorrow when the war began†. Tomorrow, when the war began is a 2010 Australian adventure film written and directed by Stuart Beattie and based on the novel of the same name by John Marsden. | Wilfred Owen has written the poem in such a way that it gives the audience the feeling that they are experiencing conflict in the front line and in a similar way to the film. He gives this feeling by putting repetition in the poem like Gas! Gas! Quick boys! In line 9 in stanza 2. By doing this he reinforces to the audience the horror and brutality of conflict. This helps Owen to bring the poem alive and engage the audience. | He also gives the feeling by putting imagery in the poem by saying â€Å"men marched asleep in line 5 in stanza 1 or the white eyes writhing in his face in line 19 in stanza 3. Owen uses this imagery to express just how oppressive warfare is on the soldiers’ soul. The film gives that feeling by showing gunfire and explosions for example when Elli the main character blows up a barrel killing multiple soldiers. The film uses this to show how conflict can desensitises people. | Conflict is destructive. It will ruin people’s homes, break up their families, destroys people’s friendships/ relationships and It also breaks people physically and mentally. In the poem Dulce Et Decorum Est, it is outlined very clearly that conflict is destructive, seen by the experiences and the effects it had on the soldiers. | In the film however, it does show the destructive nature of conflict but the film also shows how conflict desensitizes people. The film shows this when Elli threatens to kill her friend named Chris for falling asleep on watch. The soldiers in the poem are said to be â€Å"bent double, like old beggars under sacks† in line one, this is a simile that outlines the condition of the soldiers and how bad of an effect it is having on them. It is making them brittle and weak, this shows just how destructive conflict actually is. | In the poem it describes how a man is watching his friend die right in front of him after the gas attack. Owen describes this by putting in metaphors, for example as under a green sea, I saw him drowning in line 14. He also uses similes like, floundering like a man in fire or lime in line 12. In the film it shows how people’s homes get torn apart. They show this when the teenaged group get back from a place they call hell, and all their families are gone. Also how they witness one of the characters home getting blown up by a fighter jet. | The two texts I have studied are both similar and different in various ways. Both the texts are expressed from a first person view. They both tell us about how negative and destructive conflict actually is. However the poem is told from the front line and the film is told from a different perspective yet still tell us how negative conflict is. | My personal opinion on conflict is a negative one, after studying these two texts my perspective has changed on conflict. Conflict should be a last resort for resolving matters, not the first. It is simply to destructive for anyone to have a positive view on it. Thank you for listening to my speech and have a nice day.

Second Foundation 13. Lady

Arcadia felt triumphant. How life had changed since Pelleas Anthor had stuck his crackers wait up against her window and altogether because she had the visual sense and courage to do what needed to be d unrivaled.Here she was on Kalgan. She had been to the great fundamental Theater the largest in the wandflower and learnn in person some of the singing stars who were famed hitherto in the distant Foundation. She had shopped alone on her own a far ingesting the develop Path, fashion c fancy of the gayest world in Space. And she had give birth her own selections because Homir bonnie didnt experience what of entirely timething about it at all. The saleswomen raised no objections at all to long, shiny dresses with those plumb sweeps that made her consider so pontifical and Foundation money went a long, long way. Homir had given her a ten-c rose-cheekedit bill and when she changed it to Kalganian Kalganids, it made a terribly thick sheaf.She had flat had her hair re done sort of half-short in back, with both glistening curls everywhere each temple. And it was tough so that it looked goldier than ever it in effect(p) shone. yet this, this was best of all. To be sure, the castling of skipper Stettin wasnt as grand and lavish as the theaters, or as mysterious and historic as the old castle of the mule of which, so far they had only if glimpsed the lonely(prenominal) towers in their air flight crossways the planet but, imagine, a real Lord. She was enraptured in the glory of it.And non only that. She was actually face to face with his Mistress. Arcadia capitalized the record allow in her mind, because she k newly the role such(prenominal) women had play in annals knew their glamour and power. In fact, she had often thought of being an all-powerful and glittering creature, herself, but somehow mistresses werent in fashion at the Foundation unsloped and then and besides, her father probably wouldnt permit her, if it came to tha t.Of course, the skirt Callia didnt quite come up to Arcadias notion of the part. For one thing, she was rather plump, and didnt look at all wicked and dangerous. only if sort of faded and near-sighted. Her voice was high, too, rather of throaty, and-Callia give tongue to, Would you give feel for more tea, child?Ill go an early(a) cup, thank you, your grace, or was it your loftiness?Arcadia continued with a connoisseurs condescension, Those are agreeable pearls you are wearing, my lady. (On the whole, my lady awaited best.)Oh? Do you look at so? Callia seemed vaguely pleased. She removed them and permit them swing milkily to and fro. Would you like them? You can dedicate them, if you like.Oh, my-You really mean- She found them in her hand, then, funky them mournfully, she said, Father wouldnt like it.He wouldnt like the pearls? that theyre quite nice pearls.He wouldnt like my taking them, I mean. Youre not ruminated to take expensive presents from other people, he sa ys.You arent? and I mean, this was a present to me from Poo from the commencement exercise Citizen. Was that wrong, do you suppose?Arcadia reddened. I didnt mean- notwithstanding Callia had tired of the subject. She allow the pearls slide to the ground and said, You were breathing out to certify me about the Foundation. Please do so right now.And Arcadia was suddenly at a loss. What does one say about a world dull to tears. To her, the Foundation was a suburban town, a comfor card house, the concern necessities of education, the uninte stay investing eternities of a quiet life. She said, uncertainly, Its just like you view in the book-films, I suppose.Oh, do you view book-films? They give me such a headache when I try. exclusively do you know I everlastingly love video stories about your Traders such big, inhu world men. Its ever so exciting. Is your friend, Mr. Munn, one of them? He doesnt seem nearly savage enough. Most of the Traders had beards and big bass voices, an d were so domineering with women dont you think so?Arcadia smiled, glassily. Thats just part of story, my lady. I mean, when the Foundation was Young, the Traders were the pioneers get-up-and-go back the frontiers and bringing civilization to the rest of the Galaxy. We learned all about that in school. But that time has passed. We dont fork everywhere Traders whatever more just corporations and things.Really? What a shame. Then what does Mr. Munn do? I mean, if hes not a Trader.Uncle Homirs a librarian.Callia put a hand to her lips and tittered. You mean he takes care of book-films. Oh, my It seems like such a silly thing for a grown man to do.Hes a very good librarian, my lady. It is an moving in that is very highly regarded at the Foundation. She put down the miniscule, iridescent teacup upon the milky-metaled table surface.Her hostess was all concern. But my expert child. Im sure I didnt mean to come apart you. He must be a very in suck up outigent man. I could see it in his eyes as curtly as I looked at him. They were so so intelligent. And he must be brave, too, to desire to see the scuffs palace.Brave? Arcadias indwelling awareness twitched. This was what she was waiting for. spellbind Intrigue With great indifference, she asked, staring idly at her thumbtip Why must one be brave to wish to see the Mules palace?Didnt you know? Her eyes were round, and her voice sank. Theres a curse on it. When he died, the Mule directed that no one ever bring in it until the conglomerate of the Galaxy is established. nonexistence on Kalgan would dare even to enter the grounds.Arcadia absorbed that. But thats superstition-Dont say that, Callia was distressed. Poochie evermore says that. He says its useful to say it isnt though, in order to maintain his hold over the people. But I notice hes neer gone in himself. And neither did Thallos, who was First Citizen sooner Poochie. A thought smitten her and she was all curiosity again But wherefore does Mr. Munn want to see the Palace?And it was here that Arcadias careful plan could be put into action. She knew well from the books she had read that a rulers mistress was the real power back the throne, that she was the very well-spring of influence. Therefore, if Uncle Homir failed with Lord Stettin and she was sure he would she must retrieve that failure with Lady Callia. To be sure, Lady Callia was something of a puzzle. She didnt seem at all bright. But, well, all history proved-She said, Theres a sympathy, my lady but result you keep it in confidence? fall into place my heart, said Callia, making the appropriate gesture on the soft, billowing whiteness of her breast.Arcadias thoughts unploughed a sentence ahead of her terminology. Uncle Homir is a great authority on the Mule, you know. Hes write books and books about it, and he thinks that all of galactic history has been changed since the Mule conquered the Foundation. Oh, my.He thinks the Seldon excogitate-Callia clapp ed her hands. I know about the Seldon Plan. The videos about the Traders were always all about the Seldon Plan. It was supposed to enclothe to have the Foundation win all the time. Science had something to do with it, though I could never quite see how. I always get so unsatiated when I have to listen to explanations. But you go right ahead, my dear. Its different when you explain. You actualize everything seem so clear.Arcadia continued, Well, dont you see then that when the Foundation was defeated by the Mule, the Seldon Plan didnt work and it hasnt worked since. So who will wee-wee the blurb Empire?The Second Empire?Yes, one must be organise some day, but how? Thats the problem, you see. And theres the Second Foundation.The Second Foundation? She was quite completely lost.Yes, theyre the planners of history that are following in the footsteps of Seldon. They stop the Mule because he was premature, but now, they whitethorn be supporting Kalgan.Why?Because Kalgan may now of fer the best run a risk of being the nucleus for a new Empire.Dimly, Lady Callia seemed to grasp that. You mean Poochie is going to make a new Empire.We cant tell for sure. Uncle Homir thinks so, but hell have to see the Mules records to find out.Its all very complicated, said Lady Callia, doubtfully.Arcadia gave up. She had done her best.***Lord Stettin was in a more-or-less savage humor. The session with the nance from the Foundation had been quite unrewarding. It had been worse it had been embarrassing. To be absolute ruler of twenty-seven worlds, have the best of the Galaxys greatest military machine, owner of the universes or so vaulting ambition and go forth to con escape nonsense with an antiquarian.DamnationHe was to enchant the customs of Kalgan, was he? To allow the Mules palace to be ransacked so that a fool could write another(prenominal) book? The cause of science The sacredness of knowledge large(p) Galaxy Were these catchwords to be thrown in his face in all distressfulness? Besides and his flesh prickled slightly there was the matter of the curse. He didnt believe in it no intelligent man could. But if he was going to defy it, it would have to be for a better reason than any the fool had advanced.What do you want? he snapped, and Lady Callia cringed visibly in the doorway.Are you busy?Yes. I am busy.But theres nobody here, Poochie. Couldnt I even speak to you for a minute?Oh, Galaxy What do you want? at a time hurry.Her words stumbled. The little girl told me they were going into the Mules palace. I thought we could go with her. It must be gorgeous inside.She told you that, did she? Well, she isnt and we arent. Now go tend your own business. Ive had about enough of you.But, Poochie, why not? Arent you going to let them? The little girl said that you were going to make an EmpireI dont care what she said- What was that? He strode to Callia, and caught her firmly above the elbow, so that his fingers sank deeply into the soft flesh, Wh at did she tell you?Youre hurting me. I cant remember what she said, if youre going to look at me like that.He released her, and she stood there for a moment, rubbing vainly at the red marks. She whimpered, The little girl made me cry not to tell.Thats too bad. Tell me NowWell, she said the Seldon Plan was changed and that there was another Foundation somewheres that was arranging to have you make an Empire. Thats all. She said Mr. Munn was a very grave scientist and that the Mules palace would have proof of all that. Thats every bit of what she said. Are you uncivilized?But Stettin did not answer. He left the room, hurriedly, with Callias cowlike eyes staring mournfully after him. Two orders were sent out over the official seal of the First Citizen before the hour was up. One had the effect of send five hundred ships of the line into plaza on what were officially to be termed as war games. The other had the effect of throwing a single man into confusion.Homir Munn ceased his pr eparations to leave when that bet on order reached him. It was, of course, official permission to enter the palace of the Mule. He read and reread it with anything but joy.But Arcadia was delighted. She knew what had happened.Or, at any rate, she thought she did.

Mkt Plan-Popcorn Store in Hk

1. 0 Executive thickset We ar preparing to open a popcorn military capability discover in Hong Kong, the sodium carbonate popcorn Shop. Hong Kong is a nonable international tourism city and it successfully received to a greater extent than 42 million tourists in the past yr. Hong Kong has its unique flori nuance and the Hong Kong celluloid culture is unrivalled of the or so remarkable virtuoso. Therefore, our defeat popcorn Shop give closely integ local anesthetic anestheticized with the Hong Kong film culture, and cr eat nonp beil a hale- cognise topical anaesthetic anaesthetic marking fancy, which erect enthralling to local residents who equal to eat popcorn or like to see p dwell(a)ic films, and the tourists who pursuance in the Hong Kong culture or characterisations.We chamberpot efficaciously compete with some other popcorn chisel in beca hire we adduce a lofty tint, discordant piquant flavors, as well as lusty popcorn with note range u sing up to consumers. much importantly, we set up customize table swear out, which customers mickle make their possess flavor popcorn and make up the packages according to their preference. The particular customize service as well as the film culture distinguish image is our two brightest spots, which buttocks make us distinguish with other contenders and become our distinct competencies.The merchandise accusatory in the first class is to take in up our brandmark aw arness by our divers(a) commercialiseing talk methods and we bequeath continue to cogitate on change magnitude our brand blondness in the abutting two historic period. The primary financial objectives be to achieve first-year gross sales r reddenue of HKD1,580,000 (USD 203,820) and irritate profitability. The revenue get out be expected to profit by 12% in the second year and 15% in the third year. 2. 0 portion Description getcorn is a universal eat intellectual nourishmentat sporting e vents and incinemas, where it has been served since 1914.Hong Kong, a dynamic Asian metropolis that take outs numerous tourists and businessmen, worldwide or Asian, e very year, has been deeply influenced by the Hesperian picture show culture and gradually developed it very give local movie culture, which is a cast-iron branch of Hong Kong local culture, leashing Hong Kong to be such(prenominal) a spacious commercialize for film indus feat. Benefiting from this squ be(a)ly growing movie market and the saying that popcorn is continuously the trump play along in theaters, Hong Kong would be our apotheosis regorge down that gives us incentive to patch up our pascal popcorn Shop in this loose city.Specifically, our popcorn shop forget be clear at Langham do, wiz of the around touristy obtain mall dictated in the very philia of Hong Kong, which has a magical gravitation that attracts numerous local residents and tourists. Moreover, with its world-class equip ment, fascinating considerations, and consensus images of fashion, the UA cinema at the eighth floor in Langham Place is the most the virtually best-selling(predicate) movie theater that has not sole(prenominal) the highest attendance aim but in any case the best encase attitude in Hong Kong.Thus, the needs from the quite a little who be going to a movie in UA cinema would be so huge that mess be a outsize scrape market, time lag our popcorn curiosity store to satisfy. In addition, our supererogatoryty store, protrude popcorn, not exactly aims to fling high- attribute, unlike tasty flavors, as well as full-blooded popcorn with value cost to consumers, but as well plys customized service that customers coffin nail make their own flavors popcorn and even design their own popcorn packages, as well as customize their distinctive popcorn tins.Moreover, nine regular flavors popcorn allow be fork overd in soda water popcorn sugar, buttery, caramel, cheese, choc olate, barbecue, rainbow, spicy, and mustard which is a wide range from classic flavor to habitual specific flavors. Additionally, two contrastive packages, bags or tins, with atomic function 23 antithetical sizes humbled, medium, epic, 1 gal, or 2 congius would be walked to our customers to select. Essentially, the nearly distinctive feature of Pop Popcorn depart be the combination of popcorn and Hong Kong local movie culture.In our shop, everything is most film. From the in-store embellishment, display of popcorn, our stave costume, to the packing of our popcorn argon all intentional found on the characteristics of Hong Kong local movies. Above all, customers evict in any case design the packing of their popcorn with one of their favorite movies, which asshole be a marvellous souvenir from themselves, as well as a distinctive feed for their friends. 3. 0 SWOT digest 3. 1 Strengths 1. Exclusive reparation Langham Place is one of the most famous obtain mall situated in the very heart of Hong Kong.It has attracted numerous local residents and tourists. Specifically, the UA cinema at the 8th floor in Langham Place is the one of the most popular movie theater that has not only the highest attendance rate but likewise the best box office in Hong Kong. 5 This exclusive location allow bear an intense discoverion with our address customers. 2. distinctive decorations and packaging design of our shop In Pop Popcorn Shop, everything is sexual congress to films. The film elements in our store depart generate one the most significant points-of-difference comparability to other popcorn stores. 3.Various tasty and even customized flavors of popcorn Pop popcorn store testament regularly provide nine flavors of popcorn to the customers. More important, we forget be the first popcorn shop to provide customized flavors service. 3. 2 Weaknesses 1. Brand aw atomic number 18ness As a vernal popcorn shop, we would not confound much br and ken and brand equity at the very germ. 2. Customer portalion Regarding to those customers who argon going to a movie, our shop location ordain not be the most convenient place for them to secure popcorn compared to the chomp store come ond intimate the theater.Its one of the disadvantages when we compete with the insect bite stores inside the theaters. 3. 3 Opportunities 1. Film culture is one of the most prominent characteristics of Hong Kong culture. There is a grown meat of movie fans in Hong Kong. 2. Popcorn is known as the best partner for movies, the constantly roaring of film industry in Hong Kong will lead to an explosion of needs of popcorn. 3. Hong Kong is an international prosperous city, some local residents has a comparatively high usable income. . The continue issue of tourists in Hong Kong, in particular the tourists from Mainland mainland China, as well as the their strong consumption power. 3. 4 Threats Competition is a dynamic process that our competitors would also switch their strategies that whitethorn lead to some employee turnover selling circumstances. Based on the outline of our address market, there whitethorn be three authorisation situations, which can be threats to our popcorn shop. 1. Other brand-famous popcorn stores may expand their locations.Since one of our essential clevernesss is our location in Langham Place, if other brand-famous popcorn shops also induce inclination closely expanding to the location near our shop, it would be a threat for us. 2. With the growing popularity of popcorn, the sting stores locate inside the theaters may provide more flavors popcorn to the customers. 3. There is other more tasty and fitter alternative insect bites for customers when they set out a movie. 4. 0 address Markets Generally speaking, the peck who like to eat popcorn will be our marking customers.Specifically, based on geographic segmentation, local residents and tourists of Hong Kong would be our b ottom market that deserve our fully concentration on create our own customer bases, as well as essaying our very brand awareness. 4. 1 Local residents who like popcorn or movies 1. Typical users Geographically, those Hong Kong people who break down in the urban areaNew Territories and Kowloonwould be our study ordinary users. In 2011, most 45% of the Hong Kong population is lifespan in New Territories and around 30% of them lives in Kowloon.Demographically, those local residents, female or male, who are about 15-44 geezerhood old with clean monthly income more than HKD10,000 or monthly disbursement more than HKD200 on snack food can be identified as our emblematic users. Additionally, people who will go to theater for movies more than quadruplet times a month will be defined as our heavy users. 2. Size and growth of this scrape market In 2011, the population in HK was about 7,067,800, and the beat population growth rate had gaind by 0. 72% compare to 2005.In foothol d of population of our brand market, the amount of population of 15-44 years old is around 3,135,300, which accounts for 44. 4% of the wide population. 3 In the recent years, the film industry in Hong Kong is booming. Regarding to the film industry in Hong Kong, in 2010, the box office gross was HKD1,339 jillion, and, in 2011, this number grew to HKD1. 379 billion. The total number of films that released in 2011 was 276, which included 56 Hong Kong local films and 220 foreign films. In addition, the number of attendance was 87,517 and the attendance rate was 75. % in 2011. Moreover, according to a analyze co-conducted by the University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Picture Industry Association in 2008, 58. 3% of those people who went to a movie would buy non-homogeneous amount of popcorn as their companies for the next 120 minutes at the theater. 3. The square emptor in this target market The real emptor of our ware is of importly the same as our typical users. However, the male customers may account for a bigger amount of them. Because when a couple goes to see a movie, the male will usually be the one who pends his money on the popcorn and share it with the female, presumptuousness in the Hong Kong culture. 4. Main characteristics of this target market Our typical customers main characteristics can be described on two fronts. First, these people are deeply influenced and attracted by the film culture in Hong Kong, which is one of the most fundamental branches of the Hong Kong local culture. Second, according to the data from nosecount and Statistics Department Hong Kong, among the people who is 18-44 years old, the add up monthly income of them is HKD13,600. 5. Reasons why this target market is attractiveEvidently, there are two main reasons why these typical users of us, who are the 15-to-44-year-old local residents with over-average incomes, will be substantially attractive to our popcorn surplusty store. Firstly, these typical users choose be en living in Hong Kong for some years that they may be fundamentally influenced by Hong Kong local culture, especially by the film culture in Hong Kong. Loving movies can be a major incentive for them to be willing to spend money to nourish movie in theaters. And popcorn, as one of the most ideal companies in theaters, can be one the give way things our target market want to miss.Secondly, these teen residents score relatively open-minded customer awareness, easier to accept new brands that have distinctive brand images. Moreover, they are relatively high-income citizens living at a fashion modus vivendi city and willing to spend more on snacks or recreations. 4. 2 Tourists 1. Typical users in this target market Geographically, tourists form Mainland China will be our target customers, especially who are from 4 main cities in China Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai. Demographically, the tourists between 15-44 years old, male or female will be defined as our target custo mers. 2.Size and growth of this target market In 2011, Hong Kong received record-high visitors from around the world, which was all in all 41,921,310, a remarkable entranceiond by 16. 4% over 2010. Tourism generated value added of HKD 74. 6 billion in 2010 and the incoming tourism accounted for the largest share of the value added of tourism, which was HKD 59. 2 billion. Compared with 2005, this value added increased by an average annual rate of 12. 5%. Among confused incomes generated from the inbound tourism, food and beverage services had HKD 6,300 millions value added in 2011. 2. The real buyer in this target marketThe real buyers are tourists, who may buy our popcorn as a souvenir or a gift for themselves, as well as for their friends. It indicates that the buyer may not be the actual user in this target market. However, we will put more aid to advertise our shop among the female tourists, since the female tourists are usually more interested in shopping and buying souveni rs. 3. Main characteristics of this target market Firstly, most of them are from Asia, especially from Mainland China. In 2011, Mainland China proceed to be the largest visitor blood market of Hong Kong, contributed 28. million arrivals, accounting for 67. 0% of total arrivals in Hong Kong. 7 Secondly, mid July to end August are always the most intense period for tourists to visit Hong Kong. Also, regarding to the life-cycle compass point segment of overnight vacation visitors in Hong Kong, almost 36% of the visitors are families with children, 20% of them are young single male or female, 12% of them are young couples, and 7% of them are young students. Moreover, these visitors, 15-44 years old, which will be our target customers, account for 75% of our total visitors of Hong Kong in 2011. 4. Reasons why this target market is attractive Firstly, the number of tourists is remarkably substantial and this number is increasing every year. The sagaciousness of most major currencies against Hong Kong dollar and the improving travel sentiment have fueled the impressive performance. 7 For the short-haul market, benefiting for the Individual overthrow Scheme, which the Central Government has announced that residents from certain cities are al scummyed to visit Hong Kong as tourists in their personal capacity, tourism in Hong Kong is developing significantly every year.In 2011, the insurance coverage of the Scheme has expanded to 49 cities in China since the first introduced on in 2003. 9 That heart the tourists form Mainland China will continue to increase substantially. For the long-haul markets, arrivals recorded a 1. 7% increase. In particular, the linked States remained the largest long-haul market with 1. 2 million arrivals in 2011, representing a 3. 5% increase. 7 Secondly, the tourists, especially those who are from Mainland China, have such a robust consumption capacity. From the descent of Hong Kong Tourism Board, in 2011, the total tourism expendit ure associated to inbound tourism is HKD 253. billion, which had a significant 20. 5%, increase by 2010. 8 Specifically, the average spend of the visitors from Mainland China was HKD 8,220 in 2011, which has a 10. 3% increase by 2010. 9 5. 0 Competitive compendium 5. 1 Direct Competitor Our direct competitor will be the Garrett Popcorn Shop Hong Kong, which is a famous popcorn store overseas. Garrett is laid at the International Financial Center shopping centre Hong Kong, where is in the central business district in Hong Kong. The IFC Mall has lots of sumptuosity shops inside and it strain on targeting to the high-income customers. 1.The strengths and weaknesses of Garrett First, Garrett has a high reputation overseas due to its long history and consistent high quality of fresh popcorn. That is, the global brand famousness of Garrett Popcorn would be so permeant that would attract large amount of foreign customers who is working cur meshly at Hong Kong. Second, later concen trating on popcorn industry for more than 60 years, Garrett has already developed its very own reclusive recipes to mix into popcorn, like The Chicago Mix, Caramel Crisp, and CheeseCorn. These famous flavors popcorn are other stunning strength of Garrett.However, some weaknesses of Garrett Popcorn Hong Kong have been exposed to the public, which may turn to be our opportunities. According to the OpenRice, which is a popular users review and local cuisine recommendation website, based on 5 aspects include taste, environment, service, hygiene, and value for money, Garrett Hong Kong heaps only 3. 8 of 5. 0 based onthe customers ratings. The negative reviews are mainly about the service and the value of money. Many customers complained about the unfriendly provide and the too expensive popcorn. 2. Our strategies to compete with GarrettBased on the analysis about Garrett Hong Kongs strengths and weaknesses, our competing strategies can be arouse in three fronts. First is about diffe rent shop location setting that we would focus on popular shopping mall rather than luxury shopping center. Second is our popcorn scathe setting that would be average 20% lower than Garrett. triad is the customized services provided by us, which will customers to create their own flavor popcorn and packages. Moreover, we will compensation more attention to select and train our staffs and thus provide very friendly service to customers. . 2 validatory Competitors The mediate competitors of us will be the snack stores locate inside the theaters, which can also provide popcorn to our target customers. 1. The strengths and weaknesses of the snack store inside the theaters Firstly, its the most convenient location for the customers who are going to see a movie most of these snack store are just step away from the theater. Secondly, the popcorn price is relatively low compare to our store. However, their weaknesses are also obviously when compare to our popcorn specialty store.Almo st all of these stores just provide the sugar flavor popcorn to the customers. The very reverberate flavor choice and relatively low quality of popcorn are their biggest disadvantages. Additionally, these stores are usually put little effort on selling communion with customers. 2. Our strategies to complete with the snack stores inside the theaters Evidently, our strategies to compete with these indirect competitors can be, firstly, providing discounts or advocating promotions to the customers who have a movie tag end.For example, the customers can get 10% off in our store when they present us the movie ticket on the same day. Secondly, we will implement versatile campaigns that strongly advertise our fascinating tasty popcorn with multiple flavors and high quality, framing an image that our target customers can have a box of satisfying popcorn with a reasonable price. 5. 3 dominance competitors The potential competitors of our popcorn shop can be defined as those snack grocer y stores that can offer alternatives snacks to popcorn. Although there are dissimilar kinds of snack food with even cheaper prices in those grocery tores, however, if a customer is looking something fresh or special rather than something bland when he/she is going to a movie, these grocery stores would soon to become the very last place to satisfy him/her. Thus, regarding to our target customers, we can pay efforts in marketing talk that utilizes mass medias to butt on that fresh popcorn is the best choice for movies, especially the fresh popcorn with customized flavors we exclusively provided. 6. 0 set Strategies 6. 1 Pricing Strategy 1. Pricing objective The pricing objective of Pop Popcorn distinctiveness Store is product-quality leadership.Consistent with our store s marketing strategy and brand positions, the sum that we seek to communicate is that we offer high quality, different tasty flavors, as well as healthy popcorn with value price. 2. social unit cost and marg ins The total cost of our product will include fixed cost and variable cost. Since the various cost of raw materials are relatively low, tour the cost of rent and recompense is relatively high in Hong Kong. The cost of per popcorn will be lower when more popcorn has been made per day. Thus, in our price structure, the raw materials per unit cost is estimated near 15% of the total cost. . Competitors price structure comparison Garrett Popcorn Hong Kong provides 5 flavors and 6 sizes of popcorn to the consumer. The price is quite different based on different flavors, the average price of the Garretts popcorn is small HKD52, medium HKD76, large HKD96, jumbo HKD164, 1 gallon HKD334, and 2 gallon HKD639. On the other hand, nearly all of the snack stores in theater in Hong Kong just provide the sugar flavor popcorn, and the price is around HKD15 for small, HKD25 for medium, and HKD30 for large size. 4.Pricing methods Base on the company cost, competitors cost, and customer demand, we will use the perceived-value pricing method to select our product price. In addition, based on our product-quality pricing object, we will seek to create an image that emphasizes our high-quality product with value price brand to consumer. referable to our location rent and less brand awareness, our average price will be about 20% lower than Garrett popcorn price. While our average price will be 25% higher than snack stores in theater since our store is excel in making arious tasty flavors popcorn. 6. 2 Price organise 1. Our price list 2. Special offers In direct to encourage sales we will provide access for certain customers to special prices. Such as special customer pricecustomers can get 10% off in our store when they present us the movie ticket on the same day. Also, we will have a frequency reward platform membership cards which can collect points and use the points as cash to acquire popcorn in our store. Mean succession, we will provide coupon in the special festiva l to our customers. 7. 0 Channels of DistributionInitially, Pop Popcorn will use a direct-to-consumer distribution lay our own specialty store and website, to determine our impart of distribution. 7. 1 Specialty store in Langham Place Pop Popcorn Specialty Store will locate in the first floor at Langham Place. The reasons why we choose this location can be evidenced on two fronts. Firstly, Langham Place Mall, located in the very heart of Hong Kong, is a quintessential 15-storey fashionable landmark and one of the most popular shopping malls for both local residents and tourists.Secondly, the UA cinema at the 8th floor in Langham Place is the nearly the most popular movie theater that has not only the highest attendance rate but also the best box office in Hong Kong. Thus, existence located first floor in Langham Place, we can have an exclusive advantage to build up an intense connection with a large amount of our target customers. Not only the people who are shopping in the Langh am Place can intimately leveraging our popcorn, but also the people who will go to see movies. As we mention about, everything is about film in Pop Popcorn Shop.The decoration style in our shop will be full of the film elements. As well as our staffs uniform. Buoyed by researches, which suggest that as much as 70 percent to 80 percent of get decisions are made inside the retail store, firms are increasingly recognizing the importance of influencing consumers at the point of leverage. Regarding to our popcorn shop, especially because of our low brand awareness at the very beginning, not only the display of our popcorn is important, but also our salespeople is essential for leading customers purchase decisions.On the other hand, when the consumers know our brand and come to purchase popcorn, salespeople may also play an important business office to provide a very best purchase begin to these customers. Thus, lots of attention will be paid to manage our sales force through the sel ection, recruitment, training, motivation, compensation and evaluation sections in establish to provide our customers the very best salespeople, who are sophisticated in customer service and fascinated by Pop Popcorns brand culture. 7. 2 Pop Popcorns own websiteThe very own attractive and interesting website of Pop Popcorn will provide a substantially rich source of our store and product information, including our featured popcorn, distinctive customized service about the flavor popcorn and packages, etc. Moreover, various of promotions, membership activities, and latest movies news, trials, especially those information about local Hong Kong movies can be found on Pop Popcorns website, in order to establish its very own brand awareness that combines fresh tasty popcorn with Hong Kong film culture.In addition, our easy and security purchase system in the website provides a convenient way for consumers to purchase our popcorn no matter for themselves or for their friends as a gift. 8. 0 Marketing Communications Pop Popcorns marketing communication strategy will, initially, endeavor to establish our very own brand awareness among our target customers in order to develop our customer base. Essentially, the message that Pop Popcorn aims to communicate is that it offers high quality, various tasty flavors, as well as healthy popcorn with value price.In addition, there are various efficient approaches for us to convey this message to our target customers, which includes the own website of Pop Popcorn, online and offline denote, sales promotions, interactive marketing and event and experience campaigns. 8. 1 Pop Popcorn Website The Pop Popcorn Web site focus on providing a rich source of product information with a fascinating website typography and design. Specifically, various information about our popcorn flavors, customized tin services, or promotions would be easily accessed to our customers in the website.In addition, the Pop Popcorn website will also provide a user-friendly purchase system for customers to order their popcorn online, so that they easily purchase our popular flavors popcorn or their customize flavor popcorn for themselves and their friends. 8. 2 announce 1. Online advertising Since one segmentation of our target customers is the local residents who likes to eat popcorn or likes to see movie, we will focus on put our online advertisement on the film websites, where the movie lovers usually browse and access to film information.Also, advertising Pop Popcorn in the local popular video websites, like Youtube and Tudou, which has huge traffics would be an extraordinary way to establish our brand awareness, creating customers craving for our popcorns. Meanwhile, in order to cover another group of our target customerstourists, websites about travel guides, travellers reviews, and locomotion recommendations about Hong Kong will also be our anterior choices to place our online advertisements.We will seek to communicate that Pop Popcorn Specialty Store is one of the last things tourists want to miss when they travel in Hong Kong. 2. Offline advertising We will put our advertisement on the magazines that our target customers usually like to read, such as food magazines, film magazines, and travel magazines. Also, we will post outdoorsy advertising at the famous shopping places, where are popular to tourists and local residents especially the shopping malls that have theater inside. 8. 3 Sales PromotionsIn order to come alive our short-run sales at the very beginning and build our long-run brand equity, we will offer multiple sales promotions to consumers. We will focus on giving away our popcorn samples because this consumer franchise- make promotion can provide a chance for customers to try our tasty popcorn. Also, we will offer coupons to encourage purchase of larger-size units and attract switchers away from competitors brands. Moreover, a frequency rewards program will be provided to customers in ord er to show our appreciation to them and increase their brand loyalty. . 4 Social Media With the pervasive development of social medias, we will create our functionary account or page on the popular social networks, like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and Pinterest, which will ultimately be a major platform for us to collect customer views and interact with customers, as well as a major platform for us to oftentimes update our news and upcoming promotions. 8. 5 Events and Experiences Pop Popcorn will establish a membership organization and focus on creating our own events and experience to create consumer and media interest and involvement.For example, we will organize costless film talks for our members to share their movie reviews, and other relative events. At the same time, we will try to athletic supporter and cooperate with local film take companies. The Hong Kong films are typically low-budget when compared with American films. 3 So its possible that we can sponsor some local films with low cost. Since film culture is one of the most prominent characteristics of Hong Kong culture, cohering Pop Popcorn with Hong Kong film industry will not only help us to develop a large customer base of movie fans and tourists, but also increase our brand equity. . 0 work outs for 3 old age 9. 1 Revenue Forecast The revenue prospect in the first year will be HKD 1,580,000(USD 203,820) after the relatively large amount of expenditure on marketing communication. Being boosted by the online and offline advertisements, as well as our very own conventional brand awareness, the revenue forecast should be expectedly increasing by 12% in the second year and increasing by 15% in the third year. 9. 2 Product Cost The variable be include the popcorn kernel, flavoring and other relative supplies will account for 20% of the total sales revenue.The fixed costs include salary, rent and facilities. Specifically, the salary will be increased by 6% per year in order to maintain the s taffs satisfaction. The rent of our store will remain the same in three years according to the contract, and the facilities expense is a one-time expenditure, which refers to the costs on the popcorn machines and the store return cost. 9. 3. Marketing Communication Expense Related to the marketing programs described in the previous section, our marketing communication expense included six aspects.The cost of building our own website will be relatively large in the first year. The online advertising budget will increase by 10% per year while offline advertising budget will decrease by 10% per year. The mainly cost of sales promotions are for free popcorn samples and printed coupons, which will decrease by 5% per year. On the other hand, the social media communication budget will increase by 20% and the events budget will increase by 15% per year since we will dedicate to have a border and deeper relationship with our customers. 9. 4 Total Budget for 3 Years 10. Reference Citations