Ch. 4 Reflection for Love in the Time of Cholera

Chapter 4 Reflection Being in control of your life completely is a bit impossible in these times. Moreover, it was even more difficult during the time period of the book. Usually, a man is the head of the house. But, in fermina Daza’s household, she was the head of the house. Dr. Urbino, though a man held in high esteem in the community, was a very passive man in his household. Their household demonstrates a change in the roles of the genders.Fermina, due to her personality, has adopted a more dominant role in their marriage, while Dr. Urbino has a more passive role. Fermina, throughout the years, have assumed a dominant rule that no one in the house is over. Prior to her marriage to Dr. Urbino, when, upon her return from the trip abroad, her father recognizes her newfound maturity and grants Fermina control of the house. Fermina, now far more mature and capable than ever, is accustomed to being in control. She is the secret emperor of the household, while Dr.Urbino is sort of a figurehead. This also explains why she is so exasperated when Dr. Urbino’s mother usurps her domestic control. Fermina hates Dona Blanca so much because Dona, in many aspects of her character, emulates Fermina's father, Lorenzo Daza. Like Lorenzo, Dona exerts her power over Fermina, and uses this authority to control her. As with her father, Fermina is powerless to fight back, for retaliation against Dona Blanca would only be futile, and cause unwanted strife within the household.For the first time since her return from her journey, she is belittled and that pisses her off to no end. My mother and I have a constant power struggle in the house. I think because of our extremely similar personalities, we are unable to get along without conflict most of the time. My mother has raised three children before me, so she knows what to do when raising children. She has a set of expectations that is very strict because it has been tried true through three generations before me.They h ave been methods tested and steeled through her experiences with my older sisters. I try to resist her dominance because i refuse to just give and and let her completely dominate my life. So, when i refuse to give in to her established expectations, conflict is created through both of us. We both try to exert our dominance and our strong personalities prevent us from giving in. My rebellion disrupts the absolute power she thinks she has as a parent. It is hard to give up something you’ve had for a long time.With Fermina, it is her dominance of being the head of the house for so many years. With my mother, it will be her authority as a parent. People aren't too willing to give up their positions of power. After what they may have been through to obtain that position, it would seem plausible as to why they wouldn’t want to give it up. It is in human nature to be greedy, and also we don’t like things changing too much. The older you get, the more you dislike it. Bu t, i think we should all learn to embrace the changes we have.

Confucious Said “One Who Learns Without Thinking Is Lost; One Who Thinks Without Learning Is in Great Danger”

Throughout the day, we think about activities we plan to do or learn from the activities that we do, but thinking about the activity does not mean we are also learning about the activity, nor does learning about the activity mean we are thinking about the activity. To think would be to have a belief about something, to reflect on something or to put something into consideration. To learn would be to remember something or to obtain knowledge through experience, studies or being taught. Confucius is quoted to have said that â€Å"one who learns without thinking is lost; one who thinks without learning is in great danger†.Confucius is correct with this description of people who focus on learning or thinking much more than the other. It is necessary to both think and learn, and to understand the reasons for why we need to. When one only learns but does not think about what one has learned can make the knowledge confusing, misleading or useless. One who learns a lot but does not th ink for one’s self how to apply it and how it is important to them will not fully understand how that knowledge works. When one does not fully understand the knowledge, they can get confused as to what the outcome of the learning process was to be.I know this to be realistic because when I learn about stem cells in biology class, I am also taught the uses of stem cells, which leads me to think about how ethical it is to create embryos to research their embryonic stem cells and then to destroy the embryos. I understand the importance of the knowledge I learned better and am able to remember the knowledge more easily because it was a relatable and clear idea that I could apply to my day-to-day life, because I thought about the application of the knowledge.Learning in addition to thinking is better than to only learn or to only think. To only think and form thoughts without first obtaining information about the subject of those thoughts can offend others who have learned and giv en thought to the subject. One who solely thinks but does not try to learn facts to make their thoughts reasonable has a high possibility of getting into disagreements with people who have facts to back up their thoughts, if one expresses their thoughts.When someone with their own thoughts, who has also learned of reasons to support these thoughts, meets someone who has set beliefs that aren’t based on anything they have learned, the person with no facts to back up their argument will be, as Confucius said, â€Å"in great danger† of losing the argument. In classes like History and Social Studies, we, the students, have to learn about current events and history in order to make reasonable opinions about the material and issues. I have been in and have witnessed debates where there must be textual or factual evidence in order for the opinions to be solid.The learning involved with proving thoughts to be more correct or convincing is beneficial when utilized in fair amoun ts. A wholesome balance comes from learning about what one thinks, and thinking about what one learns in fair amounts. It is not healthy to have an excess of one thing and not another that would help balance it out, as proven by science and demonstrated by many health problems such as cavities from an excess of sugar. As learning and thinking are both important, it is important to balance out these two actions.Learning to form thoughts, and thinking about what we have learned are two things that work like a cycle. If you learn, you should think, and if you think you should also learn about what you are thinking of, which cancels and balances each other out. Even so, in some cases, these two do not balance as well as they should. Although to learn and think simultaneously has its advantages, it also has disadvantages. When a person is to learn in addition to think, they may become biased or distracted in their processing of the knowledge for use.A wildlife biologist who studies wildl ife in Africa may learn a great deal of the animals and the environment. Eventually, they learn about the warning signs and data that display that the wildlife is dying. If this wildlife biologist thinks too much about how sad this is, and is emotionally impaired from continuing their duties and helping with the improvement of the environment and living conditions, they could stop working in that field of science. A person who thinks, but does not learn as much as they think, is more free to form genuine opinions uninfluenced by what they could learn as the correct, acceptable mindset.Learning the common mindset could be a result of conformity, and not for the good of the thinker. To both learn and think isn’t absolutely the best but is relatively better than to be ignorant and unconscious. It is important to understand why we should learn about what we think, and to think about what we learn. It makes us more knowledgeable. It helps us defend ourselves better. It creates a h ealthy balance between our focus on absorbing knowledge and our focus on how this knowledge will help us and the world. To learn and to think is to be educated, and education is necessary in our world.

Lord of the Flies †Hook or Brook? Essay

In my point of view one of the best novels you can study for GCSE English is ‘Lord of The Flies’ by William Golding. But I’m not just talking about the book I’m going to talk about the films, Peter Brook’s 1963 black and white film and Harry Hook’s American style film made in 1994 and how they both differ from each other and the book. Sir William Golding was an English grammar school boy who studied Natural Sciences for two years at Oxford University before transferring to English Literature. He enlisted in the navy to fight in World War II where he was involved in the pursuit of Germany’s mightiest battleship, the Bismarck and involved in D-Day landings. When he came back to the UK to write and to teach he had dramatically different ideas of humanity. Many of his books contained the ideas that there is no such thing as true innocence, most men are only concerned for their own well being and that all men are evil at heart under pressure. His first novel ‘Lord of the Flies’ is very much based on these ideas. Golding wrote many other books including: The Inheritors, Darkness Visible and To the Ends of the Earth. In 1979 Golding won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, in 1980 he won the Booker Prize, in 1983 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and was knighted by the Queen in 1988. Eventually he died of heart failure on June 19, 1993. In his lifetime he saw his greatest novel, ‘Lord of The Flies’ turned in to a film in the 1960’s but died before he could see the second adaptation of the film released in 1994. The initial images at the start of both films of ‘Lord of the flies’ are very important as they give first impressions of the film and set the scene for what is to come. Brook’s film starts with a series of photographs showing groups of English grammar school boys in every day life, then being evacuated (for a reason that you don’t know) and then the plane crash on the island. As the images are a hymn snug in latin which, when translates means god give us mercy. In Hook’s version the opening scene starts looking up at the thrashing legs of the boys trying to swim in the ocean but in almost complete silence then the picture raises above the water to reveal the sight of all the boy panicking and the sounds of screaming, the picture then sinks to show the pilot sinking and a hand pulling him to the surface followed by the picture to show a life raft opening. The better of the two openings in my point of view is the later 1994 film because it draws you in to the film because you don’t know what is going to happen. In both Brook’s film and in Hook’s film the boys end up on a tropical island some were in the pacific ocean as it is in the book, but the ways this is portrayed in the two films are very different giving the two openings to the films very different feelings. In Brook’s 1963 film you first see the island during the day with a wide, long curved sandy beach laid out in front if you, backed with low tropical forest stretching into the distance with very shallow light coloured sea. This gives a very light calm atmosphere to the beginning of the film giving a sense of hopefulness. The film was filmed mainly on the island of Vieques in Puerto Rico. In contrast Hooks 1994 adaptation has island is first seen at night as the boys enter a small sheltered bay, on a life raft, and are confronted with tiny beach with the black silhouette of the huge forests and mountains looming over them shrouding every thing with shadows this give a sense of little hope, danger, panic and fear because they don’t know what’s in the shadows. In my mind this sets the mood better for the moments after a plane crash where you are completely lost, on one knows where you are, all the adults with you have died, compared with the almost happy felling given in Brook’s film. As in the book the first two character introduced in both films are Ralf and Piggy. In Brook’s 63 films, as in the book, Ralf and Piggy have never met before and Piggy is the first person that Ralf finds after the plane crash. Piggy in first film is a rather small, fat boy with glasses, from a lower class back ground who won’t do any physical work because he is over worried about his asthma and is very cautious about everything. Ralf in this film is an average grammar school boy although older than most of the boys, with a strong sense of leadership who later becomes leader of the children on the island because of his initial popularity with the younger members of the group. However in Hooks american 94 film all the children are all from the same military cadet school. As they are from the same school they already know each other so as Ralf was in a higher position than all the rest of the other boys in the school he was almost automatically elected the leader of the group. Piggy is a very fat child with over sized glasses and is very venerable and can be very annoying as he is in both films and the book. Also in hooks film Ralf is automatically is very protective of piggy all though in brooks film and the book Ralf makes fun of piggy before befriending him and becoming protective him from some of the other characters. The other main character that you are introduced to in the film is Jack. Jack in brooks film is the leader of a choir who end up on the island because of the plane crash with his coir. He immediately tries to take control of the group and is very aggressive towards Piggy and bullies him. When he fails to take control of the group he immediately separates him self and the coir to become hunters for the group and become obsessive with kill wild pigs. This is very similar with hooks film when Ralf wins control of the group jack splits of and makes a group of hunters and becomes very violent and aggressive. Symbolism in many of Goldings book plays a big part and they have a big role in films of ‘The lord of the flies’. The conch shell that Ralf and Piggy find on the beach in one of the first sense is of order and that only the person holding the shell can speak. When the conch shell is blown for the first time by Ralf al the boys respond by coming to its source like answering to a school bell. This means that the conch shell in both films is a symbol of order, respect and control. Piggy’s glasses also become a symbol of fire because the are the boys only source of fire on the island and however has the glasses is in control of fire which is vital for life on the island. The hunting knife in hooks 94 film is a large symbol as it provides a source of food by killing the pigs on the island and a way to make weapons for the hunters. One of the main themes in the book and films is of victimisation and domination within the group. Almost as soon as the group is formed Ralf (in the book and in the 63 film) or Jack (in the 94 film) immediately torments piggy by giving him his name, and tries to put himself above everyone else and take control of the group. In hooks 94 film all the young members of the group call Jack and Ralf ‘Sir’ showing respect to the dominant people in the group. The sound and music within the films are very important as they get the feeling of the situation. In brooks 63-film native pipe music is played as their children are moving through the forest and this give of feeling of excitement, as they are moving through the forest. In both films the ambient sounds, like birds and frogs, give sense of alertness and can add to the tension of a seen. In both films what the characters are wearing give a felling of how long the have been there and what they have been doing. In the 63 film ate the start all the boys have full uniform on, especially the coir how have gowns and hats one, to having very little ripped torn fragments of clothes on in Hooks 94 film the boys go from having full military uniform to topless with ripped shorts on and war paint on there faces and chests. The length of boy’s hair in both films doesn’t change in either film implying that they aren’t there for a very long time. One thing that was over look in both films is that after the plane crash all the boys are perfectly clean, tidy and well dressed. The colours in the 94 film added to the mood of the seen. When the boys are working together on the beach the colours are lighter adding to the felling of hopefulness. On the other hand the forest is almost always dark greens, browns and blacks and this helps to emphasise a negative mood. I think that Brooks 63 film is always let down by the fact it is in black and white. I think the use of the camera is one other main thing that separates the two films. In hooks film the camera shots are used to help emphasise what’s is going on in the film, for example: shots where the camera is looking down on someone makes them seam very venerable like when the boys first land on the beach, and when the camera is pointing up at some ones face makes you feel that there very powerful or dominant. Partly because of this I feel that the 94 is better than the 64 films because it lacks the quality of camera shots. In my mind they are both good films but the better of the two film is Harry Hook’s 1994 version because of the better quality of the film and definitely the acting which in Peter Brook’s 1964 film was very wooden but many people just thinks it was let down by the technology of the time and because it is much close to the book it is a much better film.

Qualitative methods for social health research Essay

Qualitative methods for social health research - Essay Example Academic performance is the reason for studying to determine the level of intelligence. Motivation is a crucial aspect in validating the theme of academic performance. In the presence of adequate amount of motivation, there is a driving factor for academic performance. As responded by participant A, motivation will enable one to balance work and studies due to an impending aim of achieving results in both. When asked on How satisfied the participant is with academic achievement, participant A responds, that, â€Å"My study is going good beside my work time as I am a part time employee who is working only in the weekend and the rest of the weekdays I am a full time student so I manage my time to student during the weekdays†. While when asked on the circumstances under which he feels academic achievement is linked to work load, participant C stated that, â€Å"If u work less u will do better in your study as you will have more time to study and do the work on time as if you hav e part time work it will be easy than full time work and full time study, it easy to make you feel stress and scared†. In the assessment of the implication of work on academic performance, participant D was responded that â€Å"work does not affect my studies to a certain degree, because I have less time to study for my subjects†. Stress is a normal reaction to actual or potential stimuli. Basing on the theme of stress, most literature sources agree that stress is a normal response to a stimulant, which may be an actual or a potential threat. When one is faced with more than one task to perform in the study, work and life, stress ensues. However, as responded by participant B, a well balance of time within the daily activities helps in the management of stress. When asked how stress affects in relation to study, participant B says â€Å"stress affects my performance ability and decrease my productivity both at

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Despite most currencies being convertible why does countertrade persist, illustrate your answer with examples of different types of countertrade - Essay Example Since its manifestation in East-West trade in the midst of 1970, countertrade has increased and widened geographically to the entire world – the number of dealings actually increasing year-by-year. As well as the worldwide development, the formats of countertrade have also stepped forward to have room for the incompatible financial – despite considering this in mind that all currencies is now being convertible – needs and repayment capabilities of selling groups (Francis, Dick, 1987). Therefore, means of payment have incorporated relocations of varied assets with monetary worth for example the deliverances of substantial products (e.g., utensils, goods); services (transport, building); insolvency of lien equipment (debt paper); and equity contributions (Francis, Dick, 1987). The arrangements of countertrade may serve up periodically; readily available currencies, advertising, or public policy are the major objectives of trading parties and their governments. The custom is virtually always influenced by some form of government study or interference, and is ever more a reality of doing business with agencies that are buying when the noteworthy dollar value national procurements are involved (Francis, Dick, 1987). Countertrading is also eminent as a means of financing in global trade. For those underdeveloped or developing nations that have deficiencies of hard currencies or whose national currencies are not exchangeable to other sorts of foreign country exchange, countertrading offers a solid way of financing imports (Paun, Dorothy A, January 1997, 41 50). By selling their import goods to various corporations in developed nations, developing nations also profit by discovering new export marketplaces. Those dealers in developed nations who are ready to countertrade have established that it heighten their businesses. By being flexible in the sort of currency or payment they are going to be given, corporations that

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EPISODIC and Analysis - Essay Example He is also complaining of shortness in breath, stuff nose and persistence of cough. On the other hand, T.M. denied smoking cigarettes, taking prohibited drugs and drinking alcoholic beverages. He has no allergic reactions to any food, any drug or medication, or any environmental factors. As a patient, he had not complained of pains or of any past hospitalizations. But he is sexually active and had undergone AIDS test. His two other brothers also tested negative of the AIDS test last year. He has had vaccination for milestones completed. He had no previous medications taken or OTC drugs. His parents are positive for hypertension. This seventeen (17) years old African American male was a mesomorph. His physique could be characterized to be predominantly muscular. He was alert being very much aware of his surroundings when he was oriented three times. He had low grade fever at 990F. This was way below the margin of 100.40F or 380C. He was positive for adenopathy for some swelling on the perineal area because of the yellow perineal discharge present. However, he does not have inflamed eyes. He had also no visible wounds, not even rectal rashes. His lungs were clear. This means his respiration was normal. His heart rate was normal at P: 58; RR: 18; T: 99.1 and BP is 139/91. Finally, his nose drainage was clear, but, his voice was hoarse (+). Subsequently, the following plan was designed and suggested for an assessment of the patient after consulting with school clinic: 1) Gonorrhea/ Chlamydia Test – for Urethral Infection – a Non-culture detection of N. gonorrhea – b. Culture positive for N. gonorrhea, with or without confirmation tests; 2.) Test for Rectal/Pharyngeal Infection; 3.) Test for HIV from the patient’s blood collected sample; 4.) DNA probe test must be done to rule out Chlamydia; 5.) Immunodiagnostic test must be done for the antigen-antibody reaction (Engelkirk and Burton, 2007); 6.) For medication, the patient must take: Rocephin 125mg

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HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT Assignment

HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT - Assignment Example In addition, there was no synchronization linking paper and electronic information policies and the need to maintain privacy with justifiably free information. This poor quality documentation may be frequent since national attempts at consistency often get deafen by the absolute complication of the patient care (Michelle, 2006, P. 97). Even though, they do not say so openly, it might be incidental that until keeping the high-quality case records begins to matter enough to clinicians; slight general or no reliable adjust can be anticipated. There is a lack of standardized approaches to the documentation that would permit continuous records evaluated requirements, and resultant strategies of health care. Following a number of services, every qualified group is still using separate case remarks, held or kept in diverse places, and not expected to be accessible when needed. The place of storing case records in the practice of local health services might show slight pleasure of their significance. Take a situation where the hospital would like to attend to an emergency patient. The Health information management does this. This office is ten miles far from the scene, and this is where the records are kept. Since there is a lack of an electronic system, the doctors cannot verify easily on the past contact of the patient they are about to interrogate. Local tradition does not make access to any available case record in the health centre. During the operational hours, if it is identified that a case file is available, the medi cal records physician may be convinced to fax a few of the most current letters stored in the case record. Unfortunately, no such skill would exist. The excellent idea the doctor can then anticipate is that a nurse in the hospital delicate area knows the patient and be able to give some related information. Under such conditions, practice can only be based on guesswork and speculations. Coppin state community health care is a

Environmental Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Politics - Essay Example ltinational companies, carbon trading and offset organizations, and global cities that have entered this policy arena and have developed their own initiatives and approaches to addressing this [global warming] issue† (Schroeder 2009). Thus, the preventive measures against the phenomenon under consideration are being developing by global community. Global warming is a widely discussed topic. There are many scientific works, which discuss the phenomenon and its consequences. Some scientists recognize the fact of global warming, while a great part considers the issue to be a myth. The change of climate on the planet is evident, but the question is if it can be called â€Å"global warming†. Thus, the theory of global warning is rather controversial. According to the web research results, the phenomenon under consideration seems rather a myth than reality and the myths about it are created by press. Mass media creates false representation of global warming. In 1990s very few experts believed in this phenomenon. Cook argues: â€Å"scientific skepticism is healthy. In fact, science by its very nature is skeptical. Genuine skepticism means considering the full body of evidence before coming to a conclusion. However, when you take a close look at arguments expressing climate ‘skepticism’, what you often observe is cherry picking of pieces of evidence while rejecting any data that don’t fit the desired picture. This isn’t skepticism. It is ignoring facts and the science† (Cook). Many countries signed Kyoto protocol in addition to Framework Convention on Climate Change, but it did not mean that the points of it were fully accepted and followed. Framework Convention on Climate Change is the agreement signed by more than 180 countries of the world including all the countries of the former USSR and all the developed countries. The document is about the common principles of the countries’ activity on the issue of climate change. The Convention was accepted in 1992 and

Lord Byron and Greece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lord Byron and Greece - Essay Example But one cannot forget his sacrifices for what he did for freedom of Greece. Byron was fond of travels and travelled whole Europe after which he felt his dual personality should be recognised by Don Juan instead of Bryon, so most of his biographies represent "Don Juan". Byron after travelling stopped eventually to Pisa where P.B. Shelley was awaiting for him, as she remained his lifetime devoted friend. Shelley's death lead him towards an entire different direction, he started involving in political freedom and stopped at Greece, where he found struggles for democracy and freedom from Turkey. Byron was so relentless in helping the Greek cause that he invested his everything to organise the mission to help the Greek cause. Byron was on his way towards struggle for Greeks by training troops in the squalid, marshy town of Missolonghi, that he incapacitated an incurable fever. The fever took his life on April 19, 1824, just after his thirty-sixth birthday. Although he was not much praised with respect to the Greek army, but his sudden absence from the Greek platform could not be compensated and resulted in a vacuum, which is till there and can be felt whenever 'liberation of the Greek' is discussed. Such a national hero is still unborn in Greece. Lord Byron was no doubt a revolutionist, a complete liberal,... lutionary movements in Italy and Spain, Lord Byron published his own journal named 'Liberal', "Byron defined a liberal as one interested in national sovereignty, not social reform" 3. If we analyse his life with respect to political issues that he was confronted to throughout his life we would come to know that he was the one who believed "in the very root of the word liberal, he was the one who possessed in true sense the colour of a liberal not only in his political career but also in his personal life, the acted according to his own will and pleasure, he was his own master. Gross has written in his article "His acts were unrestricted, unrestrained, and his political views are frank, open, and bold" 4. Byron had been subjected to many influences oppressive to his natural talents and besides holding political views, he had written from many aspects other than sheer self-expression, gained his liberty gradually through experiences, which had much to do in shaping and determining what his freest expression would be. Byron started taking interest in Greek politics when he attended the House of Lords where he became a strong advocate of social reform. "In the spring of 1812, his maiden speech in the House of Lords and his new friendship with the Holland had committed him politically to the Whigs, and he was therefore to be kept in Murray's drawing room as a strictly literary find." 5Before entering the House of Lords Byron was confronted to the conservative critic responses by the then political poets, and was subjected to such names like "Byron's political caprice" and "Byron's inexperience". However "In 1811 he was one of the few men in Parliament to defend the actions of the Luddites and the following year spoke against the Frame Breaking Bill, by which the

University of Phoenix Material Essay Example for Free

University of Phoenix Material Essay My personal plan is to obtain my Bachelors Degree in Hospital Administration. I have chosen the University of Phoenix as the school to attend to obtain my degree. During these first few weeks I have used several different tools to help me understand my career interests, competencies, and my career ethics. These tools have helped reiterate what I already knew about myself but have also made me reconsider some of my education / career goals. Content and Development (70 points) Points Earned: X/70 Resources: Career Interests Profiler results My Career Plan Building Activity: Competencies results Your SMART goals, including those identified on the University of Phoenix Material: Goal Setting Tools: Sample Outline in the CWE MyFoundationsLab: The Writing Process MyFoundationsLab: Prewriting MyFoundationsLab: Developing and Organizing a Paragraph MyFoundationsLab: The Topic Sentence MyFoundationsLab: Recognizing a Paragraph Reflect on your results from the Career Interest Profiler activity and Career Plan Building Activity: Competencies. Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Outline and Introductory Paragraph Worksheet. In your outline and introduction, consider the following: Your personal educational and career goals. How should your career interests and competencies help guide you in your personal academic journey? How might you use your personal ethics, your My Career Plan competencies and reasoning aptitude results to guide your academic journey as you work through your program? Mechanics (30 point) Points Earned: X/30 Appropriate tone is used. Sentences are complete and clear. Spelling is correct. Total (100 points) Points Earned: X/5 Overall Comments:

Federal programs Essay Example for Free

Federal programs Essay Throughout the twentieth century, Congress has established a great number of federal programs administered by agencies within the Executive Branch. Through this process of a wide-ranging allocation of authority to the executive Branch, Congress has assisted in creating a massive Federal Bureaucracy. The relationship of Congress to the Executive Branch today must therefore be seen in terms of its relation to this Bureaucracy, as well as its relation to the Presidency. In order to gain some control over the operations of the various agencies which had been established within the Executive Branch, in 1946 congress began to develop a sequence of configurations and procedures designed to manage the Administration. This process was also known as congressional oversight. There are several methods through which congressional misunderstanding operations take place: the committee process, congressional administrative offices, casework, as well as a number of administrative practices. Where the congressional oversight functions take place, there are three types of committees: authorizations committees, appropriations committees, and governmental operations committees. The first type of committee is the functional committee which initially establishes or authorizes the program or agency. In the case of a military program, this would be the Armed Services Committees in both chambers. ‘In the case of an urban program, this would be the Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee in the House and the Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee in the Senate. Similarly, each program area within the Federal Bureaucracy is related to at least one specific substantive standing committee in each chamber of Congress. ’ (Issa, 2011) In attempting to follow the oversight activities through these authorization committees, a number of complications are often encountered. One of these is the result from the fact that a particular governmental agency may fall within the authority of several different practical committees or subcommittees. As a result, the agency may play ‘one committee or subcommittee against the other in order to achieve those results in Congress which tend to benefit the agency the most. (Office of The Law Revision Counsel, 2012) Another problem is that a committee which establishes a program is often too involved with the outcome of its own efforts to be willing to investigate adequately the operations of the program it has initiated. One of the most substantial places where an amount of oversight activity takes place is in the appropriations process. The budget for an agency must be approved anew each year. ’ One might assume that this yearly appropriations process would lead to a careful annual inspection of the budgets of all the various governmental agencies. (Issa, 2011) This is not the case. The federal budget is so great and compound that it is impossible to consider carefully the budget of each agency and program on a year-to-year basis. What happens instead is that budgets are often routinely approved from year to year with general reviews only occurring sporadically. In addition, many agencies develop quite close relationships with the subcommittees of the Appropriations Committees which spe cifically deal with their agency. These agencies are therefore often able to abstract some special favors from these particular appropriations subcommittees. The Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs and the House Committee on Governmental Reform were initially established to manage congressional concern over governmental processes. Thus, many see these committees as an ideal place for maintaining congressional observation over the activities of the vast Bureaucracy located within the Executive Branch. However, because of jurisdictional differences and because of the hesitancy of most representatives and senators to provide for satisfactory independent oversight activities, the efforts of these governmental operations committees have been quite restricted. The three administrative offices within Congress are used to some extent in the congressional oversight process. The General Accounting Office, The GAO has the accountability, not simply for performing accounting audits, but also for judging how various programs are being managed. In other words, the GAO often performs the task of program assessment. The GAO plays a significant role in congressional oversight. The Congressional Research Service, while preparing reports and studies to assist members of Congress, the CRS sometimes includes some information on the activities and routines of various governmental agencies. This is another important source of oversight information for members of Congress. The Congressional Budget Office gathers information on the budgets of the various governmental agencies and to report on new budgetary requirements and propositions that are made through the Executive Branchs Office of Management and Budget. Budgetary information is an extremely important source of data upon which the various congressional committees can judge the effectiveness of specific governmental programs. Granting, the information gathered by the CBO may seem to permit for substantial congressional oversight, the fact is that it is the agencies that often use this informational link for their own purposes in pursuing their requests for additional funding directly to the congressional committee, instead of directing all their communications through the OMB. This short circuits the use of the OMB as one of the Presidents management tools. Efficiency, from an overall standpoint, we can see that these three congressional offices. The General Accounting Office, the Congressional Research Services, and the Congressional Budget Office combined with the staffs of individual congresspersons and senators and the staffs of congressional committees are able to supply our national legislators with vast amounts of information and evaluations of governmental activities. ‘In fact, the United States Congress has available to it one of the most extensive research staffs of any national legislature in the world. ’ (Issa, 2011) Nevertheless, the availability of information and study alone is not sufficient for effective congressional oversight. The desire to follow through on this available information is another necessary ingredient and it is this ingredient which is often lacking. Many times congressional oversight is limited by the worries of various congressional committees and subcommittees over their particular jurisdictions and in a substantial number of instances, the burdens of organized special interests also interfere with the ability or wishes of members of Congress to significantly oversee governmental operations. Aside from these problems, there are also the boundaries of time. Congresspersons are loaded with extremely dense schedules. They have a large number of often conflicting responsibilities to perform. Representatives and senators must therefore place priorities on the use of their time. Often oversight activities lose in this shamble of priorities to legislative activities, to the creation of new programs to deal with current problems, and to casework concerns. Representatives and senators, themselves, do not usually become directly involved in much casework or fundamental services. It is their staff that deals with these matters. However, representatives and senators are usually informed by their staffs of many of these problems, and it is through these specific interactions that these legislators often get the most intense impression as to the effectiveness of many governmental programs. Casework thus provides an important source of direct, specific information which proves very useful in congressional oversight activities. Congress has also passed some major reforms and reconnoitered a number of major legislative techniques, many of which have had the effect of enlightening congressional oversight. Sunshine Laws. During the 1970s, Congress attempted to open up many facets of governmental operations to the general public. This was done through the Freedom of Information Act and the Government in Sunshine Act. By making information more broadly available to the public, these acts also increase the amount of information available to Congress. The Congressional Veto. Very often Congress passes rather broad pieces of legislation. It is then up to specific agencies to fill in the details of these laws, both with regard to the building of governmental agencies and the processes which they follow. One might note for example that while Congress passes general tax laws, the details of the regulations regarding the payment of federal taxes is to be found not in the tax law itself but rather in the Internal Revenue Code which is developed by the Internal Revenue Service, which is an executive agency. The problem that were presented by the executive agencies developing a great many regulations or codes is that the only way Congress is able to affect these details is through the passage of new legislative acts. As we have seen, this is often a burdensome and prolonged process. In order to avoid this, Congress now writes into some authorization bills requirements for a congressional veto. According to this procedure, when an agency disseminates rules filling in the details of congressional legislation, Congress automatically has the power within a specific time period to veto some of these rules and to demand that the agency fill in the details in a different way. The important thing is that Congress can do this without having to go through the process of passing a new law. Although this procedure is rarely used, it does offer the prospective for a far greater legislative control over the procedures by which the Bureaucracy operates. Sunset Legislation. In starting governmental programs or agencies, Congress usually sets no time limit on the functioning of the program or agency. Since the 1970s, a practice developed by which Congress authorizes the existence of a program or agency for only a inadequate amount of time. In other words, Congress specifies a date by which the agency or program will conclude to function. In order for the agency to continue its operations after that time, a new bill must be passed allowing its continued existence for another specified period of time. This practice is obviously intended to avert the continued existence of agencies or programs which no longer meet a legitimate need or which fail to meet a legitimate need effectively. A dissimilarity on sunset legislation is the procedure of annual authorization. According to this procedure, the continued existence of governmental agency must be approved on a year-to-year basis. While this practice obviously creates tremendous difficulties in the ability of such an agency to engage in long-term planning, it does suggestively increase the potential effectiveness of congressional control. ‘Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB). Zero Based Budgeting is a technique through which administrators must carefully justify their entire agencies budgets. Zero based budgeting requires a continual top-to-bottom assessment of all agencies programs designed to insure their cost effectiveness. ’ (Issa, 2011) We can see that many structures and techniques have been developed to allow Congress to be more effective in its oversight activities. However, jurisdictional disputes and pressures from various well organized special interests continue to prevent these new techniques and sources of information from being used effectively. In many occurrences, the actual nature and effect of government policy depends less on the actions of our elected officials than it does on the activities of non-elected bureaucrats who often remain totally immune from the pressures of the general publicalthough not necessarily from those of well-organized special interests. One of the major political issues determining our national future is the question of how well our government is able to represent effectively the needs and desires of the American people. As we have noted, the role of Congress as a representative of the people was one of the most important functions of this first branch of government envisioned by the Founders when they drafted the Constitution. However, the many new needs which our national government has had to meet in this century have placed this role of representation under great stress.

Surface Tension of Deionized Water | Experiment

Surface Tension of Deionized Water | Experiment Abstract Surface tension of deionized water was measured across a range of 0 ml to 4.8 ml of two different compounds by dropping a solute onto a penny until the surface tension was broken. The uncertainty in the measurements varied between 0.02 0.11 for granulated sugar and 0.6 0.14 for table salt. Reference tables and charts were developed using the experimental data. Introduction Water is very important to all biological systems on Earth and is one of the more unique molecules. Without it life on Earth, or possibly on other planets, could not exist. The molecular structure of water is what makes it so unique. Water is a polar covalent molecule meaning that one part of the molecule can have a positive charge and the other part a negative charge. Because water is a partially polar molecule it possesses many important biological characteristics that make it crucial to creating and maintaining life on Earth. (Conway, A, et al.) The partial polarity of water is important as it allows soluble polar molecules and ionic compounds to dissolve in it, such as sugar and salt. This allows fundamental biological reactions to occur which are crucial to life. Another important characteristic of water is hydrogen bonding. This is a weak bond that forms between hydrogen atoms and other nearby atoms. This bond is established between the negatively charged oxygen atom of a water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen atoms of another nearby water molecule. (Conway, A, et al.) Hydrogen bonds also display two other characteristics which are cohesion and surface tension. Surface tension is defined as the expression of the resistance which liquids show in response to an increase in their surface area. This is caused by the strong attraction of molecules of the same kind in the surface layer of the liquid which is called cohesion. Cohesion causes the liquid to behave as if it were covered in a thin membrane under tension. This is a result of the molecules in the interior of the liquid interacting equally with molecules from all sides, while oxygen molecules at the surface of the liquid are only affected by the molecules below it. The stronger surface bonds generate a net inward force, pulling the surface molecules toward the middle of a droplet of liquid which causes the molecules to resist being pulled apart. (University of Hawaii) As gravity presses down on a droplet of liquid, the cohesive forces inside the liquid are stronger than the force of gravity within the small surface area which allows the droplet to hold its shape. As more droplets are added to the surface area the more molecules are added and the larger the droplets surface area becomes. As the size of the surface area increases, the amount of force that gravity exerts on the surface of the droplet also increases. As more molecules are added to the droplet, the cohesive forces inside the liquid will struggle to hold its shape. The force of gravity will eventually overpower the cohesive forces within the liquid and the droplet will break. Apparatus/Method/Procedure For this experiment the following apparatuses and compounds were used: Deionized water at room temperature Granulated sugar Table salt One penny One 1.0 ml syringe Plastic cups Toothpicks Paper towels About 30 ml of deionized water was added to 5 plastic cups and numbered 1 through 5. In the first cup the deionized water was left just as it is. In the second through the fifth cups, granulated sugar was added in multiples of about 1.2 ml. The sugar mixture in each cup was swirled and mixed with a toothpick until fully dissolved. One further cup filled with about 100 ml of deionized water was also used for rinsing the syringe. Cup Number Deionized Water Granulated Sugar Added (multiples of about 1.2 ml) 1 30 ml 0 2 30 ml 1 3 30 ml 2 4 30 ml 3 5 30 ml 4 One newer looking penny was washed thoroughly with hot water, dried completely with a paper towel and placed on a flat work surface. The syringe was then filled completely to the 1.0 ml line using the first cup of deionized water. The water was then released from the syringe onto the surface of the penny drop by drop until the surface tension broke and the water spilled over the side of the penny. The amount of liquid used right up until the surface tension broke was then recorded for each cup. The amount of times the syringe needed to be filled for each cup was also recorded. This was then repeated five times for each cup with increasing amounts of granulated sugar. The penny was rinsed in hot water between each cup. The syringe was also rinsed out between each cup from the extra cup of deionized water. The same side of the penny was used throughout the experiment to ensure continuity. The entire experiment was then carried out again using increasing multiples of table salt. Results and Discussion   Ã‚   Granulated Sugar Just Water 1.2 ml 2.4 ml 3.6 ml 4.8 ml No. Times Syringe Filled Cup 1 1.52 1.65 1.66 1.45 1.45 2 Cup 2 1.55 1.62 1.65 1.5 1.52 2 Cup 3 1.57 1.67 1.61 1.5 1.45 2 Cup 4 1.59 1.59 1.5 1.4 1.42 2 Cup 5 1.3 1.66 1.55 1.41 1.45 2 7.53 8.19 7.97 7.26 7.27 /5 1.51 1.64 1.59 1.54 1.45 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.02 Table 1: Results of granulated sugar experiment. The values of each set of cups were added together to get the mean or . The sum was then divided by 5, which is the number of tests that were conducted from each cup, to get an average number for each set of tests. In example: Just water-granulated sugar experiment- 1.52 1.55 1.57 1.59 1.30 /5 = 1.506 1.51 squared was then subtracted from each cup result- 1.52 (1.51 = 0.0001 1.55 (1.51   = 0.0016 1.57 (1.51   = 0.0036 1.59 (1.51   = 0.0064 1.30 (1.51   = 0.0441 The square root of sum over 4 was then done to get the standard deviation or ÏÆ'. So: This was then repeated for all cups with the results listed on tables 1 and 2. Table Salt Just Water 1.2 ml 2.4 ml 3.6 ml 4.8 ml No. Times Syringe Filled Cup 1 1.51 1.5 1.37 1.3 1.4 2 Cup 2 1.75 1.46 1.39 1.2 1.45 2 Cup 3 1.43 1.25 1.3 1.24 1.35 2 Cup 4 1.67 1.45 1.43 1.35 1.3 2 Cup 5 1.43 1.45 1.27 1.35 1.25 2 7.79 7.15 6.76 6.44 6.75 /5 1.59 1.43 1.35 1.29 1.35 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.06 0.07 Table 2: Results of table salt experiment. The pooled sample variance was then taken for both the granulated sugar and the table salt. First all the squared readings were added together and then divided by 24 Granulated Sugar: Table salt: The sum was then square rooted to get the pooled standard deviation. Pooled Standard Error: Pooled T Statistic: Granulated Sugar:   Table salt: Graph 1: Results of granulated sugar experiment. Graph 2: Results of table salt experiment. 1. What effect(s) are the solutes having on the surface tension of water? The surface tension results for the granulated sugar experiment varied depending on how much sugar was in each cup. Interestingly the highest surface tension results were from cups 2 and 3. The higher surface tension of the sugar may result from how well the sugar was dissolved in the water as it was much harder to dissolve than the table salt. As expected, the table salt results in each cup showed a slight decrease in the surface tension of the water compared with the plain distilled water. 2. Are your findings consistent and reproducible? A consistent water temperature was maintained throughout the experiment as well as using the same penny and the same side of the penny. Results were slightly inconsistent from the same cup but this could be attributed to how far away I was holding the syringe from the penny and how fast I was dropping the water. The inconsistencies were very minimal and the results can be reproduced inside the margin of error. 3. Can you explain the scientific basis for any effects observed? Depending on the compound added to the water it will either, cause a lower surface tension by depleting the surface molecules at the water air interface, or make the bonds stronger by pulling more molecules toward the middle of the droplet which increases the water air interface. As the sugar was harder to dissolve in the water, the solute concentrated more on the surface thereby making the bonds stronger. The negative result from the salt can be attributed to the salt staying in the solute rather than concentrating on the surface. 4. Are there alternative explanations? None that I can find. 5. Does the chemical nature of the solute matter? Some liquids have stronger cohesive forces than others. Water molecules have some of the strongest cohesive forces due to being a polar covalent molecule. The stronger the cohesive bonds are inside the liquid, the larger a droplet will be able to grow before it is overcome by the force of gravity. 6. Do your results agree with the same or similar measurements that you might find in the literature? The results of this experiment came out as expected according the literature in provided to us as well as in the citations; both with the varied results of the granulated sugar and the generally descending results of the table salt. 7. Are there any sources of inaccuracy or potential flaws in the methodology used? Can you suggest modifications to the experimental protocol in the light of your evaluations? How far away the syringe was held from the penny as well as how fast the drops were let either increased or decreased the surface tension. How well the penny was cleaned in between each test could also affect the surface tension. To improve the results a drop counter could be used which precisely controls the amount of liquid in each drop as well as the time between drops. 8. Link your work to the concepts introduced in the introductory passage of this experimental brief. Think about how the results might have relevance to the initial formation of life, and reflect on how they relate to the module materials in Sections 1 to 6. ie discuss the experiment in the context of Astrobiology. Water is crucial to the formation of life on Earth as its able to dissolve many common substances making known as the universal solvent. This is important as reactants must be dissolved in water for most biological reactions to occur. The hydrogen bonds formed by water are also important as they can be found in the DNA of many living organisms as it helps to keep the DNA chains together. The high surface tension of water and its cohesive properties of water allow trees and plants to pull water up from their roots to their leaves. This same process is also essential for blood transport in animals. For life to form on other planets it can be assumed that it will need a solvent like water to enable chemical reactions and to transport materials. (Conway, A, et al.) Conclusion Overall the experiment succeeded in showing that the strength of a cohesive bond inside the solute is dependent upon which compound is dissolved in it. It also showed that the cohesive bond in the surface tension of the solvent is also effected by how much of the compound was dissolved in the solute. Differences existed in the experimental data of the granulated sugar and the table salt, however, these can be accounted for by experimental error. Bibliography   Ã‚   Conway, A, et al. 2003. Origin of Life. 2003. In: Rothery, Gilmour and Sephton (eds). An Introduction to Astrobiology. pp. 3-15, 8-10. Cambridge University Press. University of Hawaii. 2017. Types of Covalent Bonds: Polar and Nonpolar. [ONLINE] Available at: https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/?q=chemical/properties-water/types-covalent-bonds-polar-and-nonpolar. [Accessed 27 February 2017]. Shakhashiri . 2011. Water. [ONLINE] Available at: http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/CHEMWEEK/PDF/COW-Water-Jan2011.pdf. [Accessed 27 February 2017].

Formal Analysis of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Good

A Formal Analysis of Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" is an interesting short story that creatively tells two stories at once. One story is of a man leaving his wife one night and venturing into the woods, and the other is of his struggle with his religious faith. In reading this story, it is beneficial for one to look at it from a formalistic point of view. Formal analysis makes the reader look closely at how a story is written to see its deeper meaning. Hawthorne takes advantage of careful word choice and images to create a picture of one man's journey that can easily parallel our own. The word choice of every story plays a key role in understanding the story. In "Young Goodman Brown" almost every word contains a special meaning. The title Hawthorne gives to his story is simple and informative; it tells the reader right away that the focus of the story is a young man. The use of the name Brown is also significant. The name is universal so that it can relate to anyone (Rhetoric 102L class discussion, January 15 2001). The fact that his title is Goodman, instead of Mister, suggests that it took place around colonial times. The name of his wife, Faith, is a clue held in the opening paragraph of the text that gives the reader and idea of what the story is about. Though out the story Goodman Brown says phrases such as, "Faith kept me back a while," which on the surface looks as though he is talking about his wife; however just below the surface he is talking about how his faith in God that kept him from heading towards the Devil. (HCAL 376). Caref... ...odman Brown goes is also significant. The Puritans believed that the witches and even the Devil lived in the woods, which can be a hint foreshadowing what Goodman Brown will find in the forest. "Young Goodman Brown" is full of carefully selected words. Each place, item, and name described is significant to the story. The word, faith, has two functions, a name and a belief. Images such as the pink ribbons and the staff are useful for more than their everyday function. Hawthorne knows the power of words and chooses wisely, thus creating a story that, when looked at beyond the surface, has a completely new meaning. - (Guerin, Wilfered; Labor, Earle; Morgan, Lee; Reesman, Jeanne; Willingham, John, A Handbook of Critical Appraches to Literature, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999.)

Androcentrism Essay -- essays research papers

Androcentrism When I started to think about what to write for this paper I wanted to learn more about androcentrism. Well, I guess I know what it means, but I wanted to see what it means to other people. In Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 2nd Edition the definition for androcentric is centered on emphasizing, or dominated by males or masculine interests. Then I went online and mostly the same definition. The only definition that I found that said anything about women was at http://dictionary.reference .com. It read: centered or focused on men, often to the neglect or exclusion of women. I started to wonder what religious dictionary’s thought of androcentrism. So I looked up some religious dictionaries. After about 10 of them I gave up because I came empty handed. It’s like they didn’t believe it existed. But, to my surprise I did find a definition to androgyny in a few of them. And let’s not forget my personal definition: Men are better than women. A lthough I do not think this is true, that is just how I see androcentrism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now I am going to talk about the levels of androcentrism that make the study of religions difficult. I am going to refer a lot to the book Feminism and Religion by Rita M. Gross. The first level of andrcentrism is the history. â€Å"As in the study of contemporary religions, many conventional historians are most interested in those who wielded power, which means that not only women, but other disempowered groups hav...

Side Effects of Prozac :: Antidepressants Depression Essays

Side Effects of Prozac Unlike earlier forms of antidepressants, such as MAO inhibitors, Prozac and other SSRIs tend to produce fewer and less severe side effects (Hockenbury, 200). According to Prozac's manufacturer, Eli Lilly (2005), side effects caused by Prozac may include nausea, difficulty sleeping, drowsiness, nervousness, weakness, loss of appetite, tremors, dry mouth, sweating, or yawning. Other side effects listed included a change in sexual desire or satisfaction and a formation of a rash or hives. Eli Lilly (2005) states that these side effects generally go away after a few weeks of usage and are not serious enough to discontinue use of the drug. Other side effects of Prozac reported by PDRhealth include abnormal vision, itching, flu like symptoms, gas, sinusitis, and sore throat. Less common side effects reported included abnormal taste, bleeding problems, chills, ear pain, fever, frequent urination, high blood pressure, loss of memory, palpitations, and ringing in the ear. The most common side effects reported in controlled study of patients receiving Prozac, and those receiving a placebo, patients receiving Prozac more frequently reported experiencing anxiety, dizziness, lightheadedness, nervousness, insomnia, drowsiness, fatigue, tremors, nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, abnormal vision, decrease in libido, rash, sweating, and abnormal ejaculation (American Hospital Formulatory Services, AHFS, 2002). Of these patients, fifteen percent had to discontinue use of Prozac. The main reason reported for discontinuation was the onset of anxiety, nervousness, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and rashes. Fluoxetine tends to remain in the metabolic system for sometime, and because of this any adverse side effects may take a few weeks to dissolve after discontinuation (AHFS, 2002). Side effects reported by patients receiving the weekly dose of fluoxetine in delayed-release capsules, reported relatively the same side effects as those taking a daily dose. Although, problems with cognition and diarrhea were reported more frequently with the delayed-release capsules (AHFS, 2002). The percentages of patients experiencing adverse side effects of Prozac are as follows: twenty percent experienced headaches, nine percent felt anxious or nervous, fourteen percent experienced insomnia, four percent reported drowsiness or fatigue, six percent experienced tremors, and one to two percent reported adverse affects to the nervous system such as confusion, agitation, abnormal dreams, and sedation. The majority of these effects may be caused by the dosage a patient receives, and few patients in each group discontinued the use of Prozac (AHFS, 2002).

Executive Summary of Starbucks

SUMMARY OF â€Å"Howard Schultz : Building Starbucks Community† This text speaks about Howard Schultz and how he built a Starbucks Community. * Early Years This man was the oldest of three children in a modest family of Brooklyn. Indeed, his father combined 3 different jobs to support his family. His mother was a homemaker who transmits her values to her children. She was a strong-willed person who wants a good future for her children with the respect of these values. Her dearest wish was that all go to college. Howard, who believes in the American dream, felt that he had to plan his own future because he didn’t want to stay in Brooklyn.Indeed, he met many different people who came from different backgrounds. He said that â€Å"Diversity isn’t something I had to learn. I lived it†. It’s a point which influenced his future behavior. During his teenage, Howard and his father clashed often. He will realize later that sometimes you learn lessons, but yo u don’t realize them in the moment. But at the time he thought that his father could have accomplished so much more if only he had tried. This natural leadership ability stood out in the schoolyard. The Sport’s domain was the example.Indeed, it allows him to have a scholarship until University in Northern Michigan. After graduating, Schultz made a sales trainee in New-York in Xerox. Despite a good income, he didn’t like this job for several reasons: This Company was too bureaucratic, strict and rigid and he didn’t have a voice. Finally, he didn’t find a link between this company and his values. * Creating Starbucks Howard had already works in the field of coffee. So one day, he was encountered Starbucks Coffee and was very sensitive to the product and the business.He said that he felt he had discovered a whole new continent. After that, he joined Starbucks as a director of operations and marketing. He saw the enormous growth potential of this Compa ny especially in the gourmet and food markets. He realized that during a trip to Italy. Indeed, he noticed the unique community experience that Milanese espresso bars played in their customers’ daily lives. He will be based on this model to launch his own business: Il Giornale. This business was a chain of espresso cafes from Starbucks in downtown Seattle. It had three locations but had not yet turned a profit.So for answer to this problem, Schultz planned to consolidate the new company with the name of Starbucks Corporation. Indeed, this name was so known by customers. But the development of this business wasn’t so simple. The first in which Schultz has faced was the following: One of these original investors proposed to purchase Starbucks instead, on terms that would have dramatically diluted his stake and that of his other investors. Furthermore, investors put pressure on Schultz’s head. They said â€Å"If you don’t take this deal, you’ll never work in this town again. You’ll never raise another dollar.You’ll be dog meat†. As a leader, Howard Schultz didn’t renounced. He prepared an alternative plan cancelled the dilution and he managed. * Growing Starbucks The father’s death of Howard Schultz has completely changed his state of mind. He realized that his father’s life wasn’t the same as hers. In those days there was no health insurance and no workmen’s compensation. So, he decided to make Starbucks the first American company to provide access to health coverage for qualified employees. Indeed, this event is directly linked to the culture and the values of Starbucks.He wanted to build the king of company that his father never had a chance to work for, where you would be valued and respected no matter where you came from, the color of your skin, or your lever of education. He wanted to build a company that linked shareholder value to the cultural values that he created with the other employees of the company. The original business plan of Starbucks provided 125 new stores in five year. In the first year, the company had already open 15 stores in Northwest cities with a strong coffee culture. The growth was running.And for continue at this pace, Schultz recruited Howard Behar, an executive 10 years his senior who had 25 years of retail experience. His assignment was to innovate in response to customer requests and develop the customer experience. In an other hand, Starbucks focused its attention into values and culture of the stores, reasoning that satisfied and happy baristas made for satisfied customers. For continuing in this way, Schultz was aware that growth is intoxicating and seductive but also that it covers up a tremendous amount of mistakes.To solve this problem, he shared power with others. Indeed, Schultz & Behar wanted to stay in the way of their values so they decided to codify the values in the company mission and values statement. It’s important for the two leaders to sharing the culture of the company in each Starbucks stores. This is what distinguishes this company from others and allows it to continuing growth. For reach this goal, there were two key: The first was to hire people with like-minded values and the second was to reinforce the values and culture of the company.The expansion of Starbucks making this own language into a common usage (like â€Å"latte†, â€Å"half-caf†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦). Schultz was also proud of making difficult choices to pass up certain growth opportunities and to stay focused. The new way adopted by Starbucks was to explore marketing carefully selected. For example, they were experimenting to combined music and coffee stores and other entertainment ventures. It was a success. * Staying Grounded As an entrepreneur, Schultz should be irreproachable. For being that, he should learn several things like to manage vulnerability and doubt.But for understand him; there were n’t a lot of people. So he decided to talk with Warren Bennis, a widely respected leadership and with a rabbi, during a trip in Israel, where he had learned about the power of humility. These lessons helped Howard to understand that success is best when it’s shared and be better in his business. * Whither Starbucks†¦ and Schultz? The hope of Howard Schultz is that Starbucks can be a model for building a company the right way. Especially he wants that the size of the company can’t erase the integrity.It’s an illustration of the state of mind of Schultz. He took advantage of every opportunity for delivering his message like in leadership conferences for his store managers in which he focus on people and the human connection, not on numbers. He also focused on the consumer especially on customer experience. The brand wants to have a big place in customer’s life because it pretends that it wants to be the â€Å"third place in customers’ li ves between the home and the office. For that, Starbuck offers a global range from coffee to CD’s with the music that you can find in Starbucks stores.To combine these two ambitions, Starbucks responds to customer demand which is: Hungry for humanity and authenticity. * The Schultz E-mail After the big success of Starbucks, Howard Schultz was worried about one important thing for him: With the growth, Starbucks could lose the personal feeling of the neighborhood coffeehouse which Howard Schultz wanted to create. Indeed, at his arrival, his goal was to develop Starbucks as a model company including financial performance and mainly the respect of the human relationship. But this ambition wasn’t simple to apply in the reality.Indeed, Starbucks had become the fastest growing chain in the history of retailing: The brand began with three stores in Seattle for reach, twenty years ago, 40,000 outlets worldwide. This phenomenal expansion allows Starbucks to engage in competitio n with the big company like McDonalds and Dunkin Donuts. Despite this success in financially field, a question for Schultz was essential: Had Starbucks lost its soul in the process of becoming a global brand? For having an answer, Schultz decided to send an E-mail to Jim Donald, Starbucks new CEO, with copies to members of the executive team.In his mail, Schultz explained his point of view about the situation of Starbucks at this moment. He said that the growth had not a good effect in the customer experience. He described Starbucks with the sterility and the uniformity of store decor. The turnover is the first priority than the small coffee heritage of the brand and compromised the â€Å"passion for coffee†. He send this mail and waited the response of the senior team. Schultz ’memo was published on â€Å"Starbucks Gossip†, a web site about Starbucks, the experiences and opinions of the customers and employees. So, we could find some rumors in this about the co mpany.But when the memo was public, the corporate communication had tried to manage the crisis and the solution was to post a confirmation that the memo was authentic. For keeping a good image, Starbucks decided to position this memo as a new way of the company. Indeed, it explained that Starbucks â€Å"reinventing itself, saying it reflected the company’s philosophy that ongoing success was not automatically a given†. It created a buzz on Internet and in Press. The Wall Street Journal dedicated an article about Schultz’s memo with 1,500 words and some blogs like â€Å"BusinessWeek. om†, â€Å"Bloomberg. com†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ * Joe Nocera’s Challenge The buzz continued two weeks later when the business journalist for New York Times, Joe Nocera, wrote an article about Howard Schultz in his column â€Å"Talking Business†. He focused his attention on the two personalities of Schultz. So the name of article was â€Å"Two Howard Schultz†. Fir st, he described Schultz as a sensitive man who is attached on human’s values in his company with health assurance for employees, and coffee experience for customers. The article speaks about the huge social responsibility program established by Schultz.But in a second time, he described a face completely different of Howard Schultz. For him, Schultz was a businessman who thinks about profit, benefit and growth so an aggressive competitor. For Nocera, Schultz’s aim was to grow as soon as possible by making the best financial result. For illustrating this, he collected some testimonials of Schultz’s colleagues who said: â€Å"Mr. Schultz is an enormously competitive businessman† for example. An other colleague told an anecdote: â€Å"Howard said that they would never serve food. He thought it would dilute the experience. †¦) For Starbucks, there was always going to be a limit to how much coffee it could sell in any one location, so to goose same-stor e sales, it began selling food†. All these testimonies supported the thesis that Howard Schultz was a man who wanted a quickly growth with a big profit. His first face was just a disguise to hide his true nature as Nocera. After having made an opposition between the two faced of Schultz, the journalist concluded that there was in reality only one Howard Schultz and the two things he wanted were â€Å"incompatible†.Finally, after this event, Schultz analyzed the situation and some questions arrived: Was it possible to have it both ways, or were growth and authenticity incompatible? Starbucks pursue such aggressive global growth and remain the unique local coffeehouse that attracted customers in the first place? We can see that these issues were in link with the first ambition of Howard Schultz†¦ So we can ask us if this ambition was really feasible or if Schultz has failed to achieve his goal. One thing was certain: The issue wasn’t going to go away

A reflective essay to reflect the feeling of pulse taking and tongue reading Essay

One of the earliest references to pulse diagnosis appears in the Huangdi Neijing, also known as The Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic or The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. A passage in the book notes that, â€Å"In diagnosis, observation of the spirit and facial color, and palpation of the pulses, are the two methods that were emphasized by the ancient emperors and revered teachers,† which implies that the practical use of pulse diagnosis existed long before the Huangdi Neijing was written. Pulse and tongue diagnosis are two of the more important diagnostic tools in Chinese medicine. They are both used to derive a TCM diagnosis for your condition which is used to plan your treatment. Of the diagnostic tools, pulse diagnosis is one of the more important tools used in Chinese acupuncture and herbal medicine. While tongue diagnosis provides valuable clinical information, the pulse can be used to gain a deep understanding of the patient on many levels . Pulse diagnosis is the ancient art and science of detecting status of a persons body, mind and spirit. Even at basic levels, the pulse provides immediate and specific information that can help clarify contradictory diagnostic information and symptomology . The pulse can be influenced by factors like age ,in this case the strength and quality of the pulse will decline as a person ages ,or gender , Men are generally stronger on the left and Women are generally stronger on the right. Another factor is the season when you have a more wiry pulse in Spring time ,stronger in the Summer and deeper in the Winter. Tongue and pulse diagnosis are both used to derive a TCM diagnosis for your condition which is used to plan your treatment. Generally the tongue, is much easier to learn and less subjective than pulse diagnosis. It is less meridian specific than the pulse, however, the tongue will show the depth and nature (hot, cold, etc.) of an imbalance and it is less effected by short-term influences such as nervousness. The tongue is also useful as a measurement tool to gauge the progress of a disorder. I believe the TCM is about energy and energy function condition  medicine culture, it is more than construction medicine culture, the pulse diag nosis is a energy feeling diagnosis, no only a position touch feeling diagnosis. In an ideal situation, the pulse is taken in the morning while the person is still calm and rested. In actuality, however, the procedure usually takes place in the clinic during the initial interview. It is important to let patients who have just arrived rest for a while to allow the pulses to settle down. Otherwise, it would be easy to mistake a rapid pulse for a heat condition when it is actually due to the person’s hurrying to make the appointment. This is one situation when sitting in the waiting room is to the patient’s advantage. From my personal experience in the clinic I can say some of the patients find pulse taking strange (on the first session) and also they seem to be a little bit uncomfortable when you ask to see their tongue. The pulse can be felt in a number of locations, the primary location is at the radial artery in the wrist. Each wrist has three positions that correspond to different organs. The left wrist corresponds to the heart, liver , and kidney yin .The right wrist gives information about the lungs, spleen , and kidney yang . In clinical prac tice, we have to always combine the pulse information with the whole picture derived from looking, listening, smelling, and asking. Through this process, traditional Chinese practitioners are able to accurately diagnose the patterns of imbalance in their patients without the help of laboratory tests or expensive diagnostic equipment. To make the patient feel more comfortable when the pulse is being take you must ensure you introduce yourself to the patient, explain the procedure answering any questions they may have, ask for their consent and also make sure they are sitting comfortably, with their arm rested. Sometimes what the patient says contradicts the pulse qualities, in which case the acupuncturist will want to ask more questions to get at the truth. Without the pulse diagnosis he wouldn’t have known to ask more questions, to delve deeper, and might have done the wrong treatment. If the patient is taking medication, or just been taking strenuous exercise, pulse taking may not work. If the patient is under the influence of social drugs it may not reveal much. Some patients have arteries that travel on the thumb side of the radial bone so you can’t feel the pulse in the normal position. Some patients have pulses so small (itself a pointer to their health) that they are very hard to take. The  pulse quality often changes within a few seconds of inserting the needle in the right place. As the right treatment progresses, the pulse qualities and strength improve, so that the acupuncturist knows, from pulse diagnosis, that the patient will start feeling better soon. There are three positions a practitioner is looking for, and each position represents a different organ or part of the body. This is the reason we take the pulse on both sides, not just one. By taking the pulse, we can tell if patients eating habits are good, if they have a cold coming on, and if their energy is high or low. We can also take note of how your organs are functioning at that time. The tongue has a special relationship with the Heart, in that the Heart opens to the tongue. The tongue is said to be an â€Å"offshoot† of the Heart, or â€Å"flowers† into the Heart. The tongue, containing water, electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes, is a very sensitive organ and its appearance changes with many physical changes in the body. In Chinese medicine, the tongue is a â€Å"map† of the internal body. Like the face, the tongue is divided into five-element zones that correspond to your internal organ networks. The tongue reading it’s all about finding what areas are stagnated, which need to be nourished, which are getting too much circulation or too little circulation, too much energy or too little, and how to balance out the body so that everything is in harmony. When we use the tongue as a tool for analysis and diagnosis, we are looking at the shape, shadings, markings, wetness, texture and even the way someone sticks out her tongue. Having this knowledge can help describe the current state of a patient health, as well as his or her genetic tendencies. It is a diagnostic technique, and it can reveal an existing disease process and disclose many things about a person on many levels. All the organs and the entire body can be located on specific regions of the tongue. The beauty of tongue diagnosis is in its simplicity and immediacy. Benefits of tongue diagnosis include: assesses a person’s current health condition; informs the practitioner about the underlying cause of disease; is an accurate way of determining what is happening in the digestive system: liver, stomach, spleen, small and large intestines; reveals the stage and progression of a particular illness; reflects the quality of the circulation of blood, bodily fluids and essence; mirrors the condition of the bodily fluids, function of the organs, strengths and depth of the pathogenic factors in the  body; shows the quality of the individual’s energy production. A normal tongue should be pink, muscular without tooth marking or discoloration, and have a very thin clear coating that exhibits proper salivary secretions. Tongue diagnosis is more objective than pulse diagnosis, though pulse diagnosis takes a long time to master, while basic tongue diagnosis can be taught in a short period of time. Before examining the tongue for diagnosis, make sure the patient has not eaten pickles, cayenne pepper, curry and other hot things. They will temporarily turn the tongue red. It takes a few hours for the tongue to get its normal coat back after the person has scraped it as well. And smoking turns the coat yellow. From my personal experience in the clinic I can say it’s common to see thick tongues, purplish tongues, tongues with teeth marks in them and tongues with cracks in various places. I also have noted tongues with coats both white and yellow, sticky and thin. Primarily a preventive discipline, acupuncture, especially through pulse diagnosis, the acupuncturist can detect disturbances in the qi at the earliest possible stage, before disease develops and restores balance through acupuncture treatment and herbs. References : www.acupuncture.com www.yinyanghouse.com Walsh S.& King, E. (2007) Pulse Diagnosis . Churchill Livingstone Chen, J.X. (2007) Chinese Medicine Study Guide: Diagnostics . Pulse Diagnosis .Dupler D. In: Krapp K, Long JL (eds.) Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2001 Tongue Diagnosis in Chinese medicine by Giavanni Macciocia

My Classmates

Patricia’s classmate is a young man about in his late teens early twenties. He is quite tall, slender build about six feet one inch maybe a little shorter. He looks as if he weighs about one hundred and seventy pounds maybe a little more or a little less. He has chestnut brown hair and it is very short, his hair is cut with a fade so it gets shorter towards the bottom he has side burns but they are very short to about the top of his ear. This classmate is a very good looking guy, he has a square shape face. He doesn’t have a lot of freckles but a few. He is Caucasian his skin tone is a natural beige color.His eyes are a pretty hazel, pale green on the outside and towards the middle a light brown, he also has pretty long eye lashes. His facial hair looks as if he has a five o’clock shadow all the time. He has nice teeth, not bleach paper white but they have a little tint of yellow to them kind of like you can tell he drinks coffee, his teeth also are straight exce pt the top center teeth are a little crooked and slant towards the inside of his mouth. This classmate doesn’t seem like a shy person, he seems to be outgoing and likes to have people around he likes to be sarcastic towards others too.His voice is not very high or loud, he has a low soft timber. Which is soothing to others when it’s been a hectic day. The classmate doesn’t have a distinctive type of clothing he dresses casual and seems to be comfortable in anything he throws on. He tends to wear Vans shoes all the time. He doesn’t seem to have a certain brand of anything he wears besides his shoes so probably just any jeans he feels comfortable in. So in all this classmate is an everyday kind of guy, he is casual, good looking, nice trimmed hair, with a five o’clock shadow all the time, and seems like a really nice guy to keep around as a friend.

Reactions to Imperialism in Asia

Japan's attitude toward foreign domination changed drastically over the years. Since the early 1 sass, during the reign of the Outage dynasty, the shogun made every effort possible to enforce a rigid Isolation policy. He closed all ports except for one to foreigners. Anyone who left the country or allowed foreigners in were sentenced to death. However, by the mid-asses,Japan began to reconsider their seclusion from the rest of the world. In 1850, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan, accompanied by a small naval squadron of American merchants and diplomats.He wanted to work out a read agreement with the shogun. When he refused to accept Perry's terms the commodore left, only to return a year later with a much larger, highly Intimidating fleet of steamships. He gave the shogun two options: either the shogun could open up Japan to diplomatic and trade relations with the united States or Perry would attack. Knowing that they did not have the resources, technology, or military might to defend themselves against such an attack, they reluctantly agreed to accept the terms of the Treaty of Gangway. The treaty ultimately ended Japan's Isolation foreign policy.It opened up the entry to Western Influence and forced the Outage government Into accepting trade agreements that were not in their favor. The noblemen in Japan observed the shogun's inability to stand up to the West and that, combined with the unequal terms of the treaty, fueled a civil war. The noblemen believed they needed a more powerful government that would not allow Japan to be bullied by the West. In 1868, the dainty put aside their differences and came together to overthrow the Outage shogun and reestablished the Melee government. The Mel]l took an entirely different approach to Western domination.They were eager to modernize and they did so rapidly. Japanese officials traveled to the West to study their methods of industrialization, as well as their health, financial, and education systems. They set up a modern bank modeled after those in the United States and installed telegraph lines, as well as thousands of miles of railroad tracks. They also built up a military strong enough to rival those of the West. Their rapid and successful Industrialization made Japan power hungry and they began to set their sights on foreign lands that they could use for raw materials and a place to set up new markets. Thus began Japanese imperialism.As Japan's population increased, so did their need for raw materials and land. Their solution was found in Korea, who was currently under attack by China. Japan helped Korea win victory in the Sino-Japanese war, which allowed them to dominate Korea and forced China to cede Taiwan. This gave Japan access to the resources they desired and a place to sell their manufactured goods. Their success In the war fueled their appetite for more land and materials, so in 1904 they went to war with Russia. They came out victorious, gaining territory in the south of th e Sailing Island and southern Manchuria, and the Loading Peninsula.Their success in these wars only further increased their desire for Japanese domination and they began to set their sights on the rest of Southeast Asia. These events showed the rest of the world just how much Japan's response to foreign domination underwent perhaps the most drastic change than any other nation. It went from being completely cut off from the rest of the world, intolerable of foreign influence, and uninterested in Western technology to becoming a great imperialistic power in Just half a century. They would remain one of the major powers in the world until their defeat in World War II.

Barack Obama - Address to the People of Berlin

Barack Obama Address to the People of Berlin delivered 24 July 2008, Victory Column *Thank you to the citizens of Berlin and* and thank you to the people of Germany. Let me thank Chancellor Merkel and Foreign Minister Steinmeier for welcoming me earlier today. Thank you Mayor Wowereit, the Berlin Senate, the police, and most of all thanks to all of you for this extraordinary welcome. Thank you. I come to Berlin as so many of my countrymen have come before; although tonight, I speak to you not as a candidate for President, but as a citizen a proud citizen of the United States, and a fellow citizen of the world. I know that I don’t look like the Americans who’ve previously spoken in this great city. The journey that led me here is improbable. My mother was born in the heartland of America, but my father grew up herding goats in Kenya. His father His father my grandfather was a cook, a domestic servant to the British. At the height of the Cold War, my father decided, like so many others in the forgotten corners of the world, that his yearning his dream required the freedom and opportunity promised by the West. And so he wrote letter after letter to universities all across America until somebody, somewhere answered his prayer for a better life. That is why I am here. And you are here because you too know that yearning. This city, of all cities, knows the dream of freedom. And you know that the only reason we stand here tonight is because men and women from both of our nations came together to work, and struggle, and sacrifice for that better life. Ours is a partnership that truly began 60 years ago this summer, on the day when the first American plane touched down at Tempelhof. On that day On that day much of this continent still lay in ruin. The rubble of this city had yet to be built into a wall. The Soviet shadow had swept across Eastern Europe, while in the West, America, Britain, and France took their stock of their losses, and pondered how the world might be remade. This is where the two sides met. And on the twenty-fourth of June, 1948, the Communists chose to blockade the western part of the city. They cut off food and supplies to more than two million Germans in an effort to extinguish the last flame of freedom in Berlin. The size of our forces was no match for the larger Soviet Army. And yet retreat would have allowed Communism to march across Europe. Where the last war had ended, another World War could have easily begun. And all that stood in the way was Berlin. And that’s when thats when the airlift began, when the largest and most unlikely rescue in the history brought food and hope to the people of this city. The odds were stacked against success. In the winter, a heavy fog filled the sky above, and many planes were forced to turn back without dropping off the needed supplies. The streets where we stand were filled with hungry families who had no comfort from the cold. But in the darkest hours, the people of Berlin kept the flame of hope burning. The people of Berlin refused to give up. And on one fall day, hundreds of thousands of Berliners came here, to the Tiergarten, and heard the city’s mayor implore the world not to give up on freedom. â€Å"There is only one possibility,† he said. â€Å"For us to stand together united until this battle is won†¦The people of Berlin have spoken. We have done our duty, he said, and we will keep on doing our duty. People of the world, now do your duty. People of the world, look at Berlin.† People of the world look at Berlin! Look at Berlin, where Germans and Americans learned to work together and trust each other less than three years after facing each other on the field of battle. Look at Berlin, where the determination of a people met the generosity of the Marshall Plan and created a German miracle; where a where a victory over tyranny gave rise to NATO, the greatest alliance ever formed to defend our common security. Look at Berlin, where the bullet holes in the buildings and the somber stones and pillars near the Brandenburg Gate insist that we never forget our common humanity. People of the world look at Berlin, where a wall came down, a continent came together, and history proved that there is no challenge too great for a world that stands as one. Sixty years after the airlift, we are called upon again. History has led us to a new crossroad, with new promise and new peril. When you, the German people, tore down that wall a wall that divided East and West; freedom and tyranny; fear and hope walls came tumbling down around the world. From Kiev to Cape Town, prison camps were closed, and the doors of democracy were opened. Markets opened too, and the spread of information and technology reduced barriers to opportunity and prosperity. While the 20th century taught us that we share a common destiny, the 21st century has revealed a world more intertwined than at any time in human history. The fall of the Berlin Wall brought new hope. But that very closeness has given rise to new dangers dangers that cannot be contained within the borders of a country or by the distance of an ocean. Think about it: The terrorists of September 11th plotted in Hamburg and trained in Kandahar and Karachi before killing thousands from all over the globe on American soil. As we speak, cars in Boston and factories in Beijing are melting the ice caps in the Arctic, shrinking coastlines in the Atlantic, and bringing drought to farms from Kansas to Kenya. Poorly secured nuclear material in the former Soviet Union, or secrets from a scientist in Pakistan could help build a bomb that detonates in Paris. The poppies in Afghanistan come to Berlin in the form of the heroin. The poverty and violence in Somalia breeds the terror of tomorrow. The genocide in Darfur shames the conscience of us all. In this new world, such dangerous currents have swept along faster than our efforts to contain them. And that is why we cannot afford to be divided. No one nation, no matter how large or powerful, can defeat such challenges alone. None of us can deny these threats, or escape responsi[bility] in meeting them. In the absence of Soviet tanks and a terrible wall, it has become easy to forget this truth. And if we’re honest with each other, we know that sometimes, on both sides of the Atlantic, we have drifted apart, and forgotten our shared destiny. In Europe, the view that America is part of what has gone wrong in our world, rather than a force to help us make it right, has become all too common. In America, there are voices that deride and deny the importance of Europe’s role in our security and our future. Both views miss the truth: that Europeans today are bearing new burdens and taking more responsibility in critical parts of the world; and that just as American bases built in the last century still help to defend the security of this continent, so does our country still sacrifice greatly for freedom around the globe. Yes, there have been differences between America and Europe. No doubt, there will be differences in the future. But the burdens of global citizenship continue to bind us together. A change of leadership in Washington will not lift this burden. In this new century, Americans and Europeans alike will be required to do more not less. Partnership and cooperation among nations is not a choice; it is the only way, the one way, to protect our common security and advance our common humanity. That is why the greatest danger of all is to allow new walls to divide us from one another. The walls between old allies on either side of the Atlantic cannot stand. The walls between the countries with the most and those with the least cannot stand. The walls between races and tribes; natives and immigrants; Christians and Muslims and Jews cannot stand. These now are the walls we must tear down. We know We know that these walls have fallen before. After centuries of strife, the people of Europe have formed a Union of promise and prosperity. Here, at the base of a column built to mark victory in war, we meet in the center of a Europe at peace. Not only have walls come down in Berlin, but theyve come down in Belfast, where Protestant and Catholic found a way to live together; in the Balkans, where our Atlantic alliance ended wars and brought savage war criminals to justice; and in South Africa, where the struggle of a courageous people defeated apartheid. So history reminds us that walls can be torn down. But the task is never easy. True partnership and true progress requires constant work and sustained sacrifice. They require sharing the burdens of development and diplomacy; of peace and progress. They require allies who will listen to each other, learn from each other and, most of all, trust each other. That is why America cannot turn inward. That is why Europe cannot turn inward. America has no better partner than Europe. Now Now is the time to build new bridges across the globe as strong as the one that binds us across the Atlantic. Now is the time to join together, through constant cooperation and strong institutions and shared sacrifice and a global commitment to progress, to meet the challenges of the 21st century. It was this spirit that led airlift planes to appear in the sky above our heads, and people to assemble where we stand today. And this is the moment when our nations and all nations must summon that spirit anew. This is the moment when we must defeat terror and dry up the well of extremism that supports it. This threat is real and we cannot shrink from our responsibility to combat it. If we could create NATO to face down the Soviet Union, we can join in a new and global partnership to dismantle the networks that have struck in Madrid and Amman; in London and Bali; in Washington and New York. If we could win a battle of ideas against the communists, we can stand with the vast majority of Muslims who reject the extremism that leads to hate instead of hope. This is the moment when we must renew our resolve to rout the terrorists who threaten our security in Afghanistan, and the traffickers who sell drugs on your streets. No one welcomes war. I recognize the enormous difficulties in Afghanistan. But my country and yours have a stake in seeing that NATO’s first mission beyond Europe’s borders is a success. For the people of Afghanistan, and for our shared security, the work must be done. America cant do this alone. The Afghan people need our troops and your troops; our support and your support to defeat the Taliban and al Qaeda, to develop their economy, and to help them rebuild their nation. We have too much at stake to turn back now. This This is the moment when we must renew the goal of a world without nuclear weapons. The two superpowers that faced each other across the wall of this city came too close too often to destroying all we have built and all that we love. With that wall gone, we need not stand idly by and watch the further spread of the deadly atom. It is time to secure all loose nuclear materials; to stop the spread of nuclear weapons; and to reduce the arsenals from another era. This is the moment to begin the work of seeking the peace of a world without nuclear weapons. This is the moment when every nation in Europe must have the chance to choose its own tomorrow, free from the shadows of yesterday. In this century, we need a strong European Union that deepens the security and prosperity of this continent, while extending a hand abroad. In this century in this city of all cities we must reject the Cold War mind-set of the past, and resolve to work with Russia when we can, to stand up for our values when we must, and to seek a partnership that extends across this entire continent. This is the moment when we must build on the wealth that opens [sic] markets have created, and share its benefits more equitably. Trade has been a cornerstone of our growth and global development. But we will not be able to sustain this growth if it favors the few, and not the many. Together Together we must forge trade that truly rewards the work that creates wealth, with meaningful protections for our people and our planet. This is the moment for trade that is free and fair for all. This is the moment we must help answer the call for a new dawn in the Middle East. My country must stand with yours and with Europe in sending a direct message to Iran that it must abandon its nuclear ambitions. We must support the Lebanese whove marched and bled for democracy, and the Israelis and the Palestinians who seek a secure and lasting peace. And despite despite past differences, this is the moment when the world should support the millions of Iraqis who seek to rebuild their lives, even as we pass responsibility to the Iraqi government and finally bring this war to a close. This This is the moment when we must come together to save this planet. Let us resolve that we will not leave our children to a world where the oceans rise and famine spreads and terrible storms devastate our lands. Let us resolve that all nations including my own will act with the same seriousness of purpose as has your nation, and reduce the carbon we send into our atmosphere. This This is the moment to give our children back their future. This is the moment to stand as one. And this is the moment when we must give hope to those left behind in a globalized world. We must remember that the Cold War born in this city was not a battle for land or treasure. Sixty years ago, the planes that flew over Berlin did not drop bombs; instead they delivered food, and coal, and candy to grateful children. And in that show of solidarity, those pilots won more than a military victory. They won hearts and minds; love and loyalty and trust not just from the people in this city, but from all those who heard the story of what they did here. Now the world will watch and remember what we do here what we do with this moment. Will we extend our hand to the people in the forgotten corners of this world who yearn for lives marked by dignity and opportunity, by security and justice? Will we lift the child in Bangladesh from poverty, and shelter the refugee in Chad, and banish the scourge of AIDS in our time? Will we stand for the human rights of the dissident in Burma, the blogger in Iran, or the voter in Zimbabwe? Will we give meaning to the words â€Å"never again† in Darfur? Will we acknowledge Will we acknowledge that there is no more powerful example than the one each of our nations projects to the world? Will we reject torture and stand for the rule of law? Will we Will we Will we welcome immigrants from different lands, and shun discrimination against those who don’t look like us or worship like we do, and keep the promise of equality and opportunity for all of our people? People of Berlin people of the world this is our moment. This is our time. I know my country has not perfected itself. At times, we’ve struggled to keep the promise of liberty and equality for all of our people. We’ve made our share of mistakes, and there are times when our actions around the world have not lived up to our best intentions. But I also know how much I love America. I know that for more than two centuries, we have strived at great cost and great sacrifice to form a more perfect union; to seek, with other nations, a more hopeful world. Our allegiance has never been to any particular tribe or kingdom indeed, every language is spoken in our country; every culture has left its imprint on ours; every point of view is expressed in our public squares. What has always united us, what has always driven our people, what drew my father to America’s shores is a set of ideals that speak to aspirations shared by all people: that we can live free from fear and free from want; that we can speak our minds and assemble with whomever we choose and worship as we please. These are the aspiration[s] that join the fates of all nations in this city. These aspirations are bigger than anything that drives us apart. It is because of these aspirations that the airlift began. It is because of these aspirations that all free people everywhere became citizens of Berlin. It is in pursuit of these aspirations that a new generation our generation must make our mark on the world. People of Berlin and people of the world the scale of our challenge is great. The road ahead will be long. But I come before you to say that we are heirs to a struggle for freedom. We are a people of improbable hope. With an eye toward the future, with resolve in our heart, let us remember this history, and answer our destiny, and remake the world once again. Thank you, Berlin. God bless you. Thank you. Thank you.